Effectively solve the problems of random design, unprofessional construction team, difficult quality assurance, and weak supervision links
The supervision of rural self-built houses must keep up (letter investigation)
Our reporter Qiao Dong
"People's Daily" (October 19, 2020 Edition 07)
After the restaurant collapse accident in Xiangfen, Shanxi, the construction of self-built houses in rural areas and the conversion of self-built houses to operation have attracted widespread attention in many places.
The reporter found in many interviews that self-built houses in rural areas have problems such as random design, unprofessional construction teams, difficult quality assurance, and weak supervision.
Occupying farmland and building houses is forbidden
The situation of building houses on cultivated land still exists in some rural areas.
In a county in the central region, villager Xu built three bungalows on his own plot 7 years ago for temporary rest.
"Without laying the foundation, I bought some old bricks, and then mixed loess, wheat shreds, and straw to replace sand and cement. The prefabricated panels on the roof were not close to each other. The gaps between them were filled with bricks to save money. "
Even the self-houses built on the homestead are not all "real materials."
Xu said: "When there are a few houses, they are built to occupy a little more space in front of the house and behind the house, so they used the most cost-effective way to cover them. The materials used are all in your own hands, and some use the'broken dust.' Although some of the mud is made of concrete, it has shrunk in proportion. Normally, 1 bag of cement is equipped with 3 buckets of sand. I have added more sand, which is about 1:5."
At the junction of urban and rural areas in a certain area, many "big sheds" have been built.
Each big shed is next to a small courtyard, enters the courtyard door, directly leads to the big shed, sells outside under the name of "farm health".
According to the villagers, these "big sheds" are all playing the "edge ball" and are packaged and sold with the concept of renting and selling.
It is claimed to use collective construction land that has entered the market, but in fact some of it is still farmland.
Last year, the local area carried out a rectification operation of "dismantling illegally," and "large shed" was contained to a certain extent, but recently it has risen again, and some villagers have restarted to build "large shed."
Do it yourself is more cost-effective, but the quality is not guaranteed
Mao is a traditional mason. He said: "The construction standards of self-built houses, what materials and how to match them, are all in the hands of the villagers. In the past, the villagers used brick-concrete structures to build houses. The quality, soil sand or washing sand, the ratio of cement and sand, etc. are all different. Some of the quality is not good, and problems are prone to problems over time."
"The prices for craftsmen are also different. Our big work is about 300 yuan a day, and the small work is about 150 yuan a day, calculated according to the number of days." Mao said, because they are all locals, they are called to build a house and eat by hand.
Until now, if the villagers build one or two houses or add a floor, they are still accustomed to using the previous method, and invite a few big and small workers to come and start the work.
However, if the scale of the construction is slightly larger, a professional and qualified construction team must be hired.
"In the past two years, the construction team has slowly occupied the rural house building market because the construction team used better equipment, more guaranteed quality, and the overall cement structure was beautiful and strong. In the past two years, the villagers have built two buildings. A three-story house basically uses a construction team." Mao said, "But the asking price for the construction team is also higher. The brick-concrete structure is about 500 yuan per square meter, and the cement structure is about 600 yuan per square meter. In this case, it will cost around 1,700 yuan per square meter."
Calculating this way, the head of the household buys the materials himself and asks someone to build it. The cost performance is obviously higher and the budget is easier to control. Therefore, many villagers still choose to hire craftsmen to build their houses.
The problem of arbitrarily stamping and transferring self-built houses to operation still exists
In 2014, the “Opinions on the Implementation of Rural Construction Planning Permits” issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development stated that for rural villagers’ housing construction, villagers should submit written applications for rural construction planning permits to the township and township people’s governments.
"According to the regulations, all villagers should report to the township or relevant department for building houses, but now the villagers are building houses and building floors on their homesteads. Normally, the village does not care about it." A village committee director said, unless Neighbors were hindered during the construction process, and neighbourhood disputes occurred before the village would intervene.
In an urban village in a provincial capital city, close to business districts and universities, there is a dense flow of people.
Walking in it, a narrow street is lined with dense self-built high-rise buildings on both sides, and they are basically business premises, mostly hotels, restaurants, Internet cafes and singing places.
The reporter randomly entered several business premises for interviews.
Lili Hotel looks like a "torch" in appearance: the lower three floors are "narrow", and the upper four floors are "wide", making it top-heavy.
In Xinxin Hotel, there are 8 doors on each floor, in the shape of "back", and the corridors are full of old sofas and other debris.
Changxiang Internet Cafe rented the entire floor of a self-built house. At around 1 noon, 22 people were playing games on the Internet in a space of more than 100 square meters.
The basement downstairs, divided into 5 private rooms, is operating a karaoke hall.
Once the actual use of rural self-built houses is converted to operation, it should meet relevant safety, quality, and fire protection requirements.
However, a village cadre from the village in the city said in an interview, “Most of the buildings built in the village were built by the villagers more than ten years ago. The planning and design of each house is different. Many of them are based on the terrain, space, etc. Occupy as much land as possible and build more houses, so many strange shapes have been formed. Moreover, these houses will not move well after they are built, and we can only put forward some requirements in terms of fire safety."
The relevant laws and regulations are not perfect and the supervision team is relatively weak
After the restaurant collapse accident, Shanxi carried out special investigation and rectification of hidden dangers in urban and rural construction in the province.
From August 30 to September 13, the special investigation and rectification work has identified 2,085 illegal land occupations, illegal constructions, illegal reconstructions, and illegally changed houses, and 524 buildings have been demolished; the investigation found various hidden dangers and problems Of 7004 buildings, 3,291 buildings have been rectified.
At the same time, the Shanxi Provincial Government has also established a special work class to study and formulate rural housing site approval management measures, rural housing planning permission management measures, rural self-built housing technical standards, rural collective construction land housing construction design and construction supervision management measures, and rural housing Self-built houses shall be used for relevant standards and systems such as the management methods for operating access, and a long-term mechanism for the safety management of rural self-built houses shall be established.
Zhang Xueqin, director of the Village and Township Construction Department of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, said at a press conference of the State Information Office that rural houses are generally self-built and occupied by the people.
In recent years, some rural self-built houses have been used for business operations, some have been converted into bed and breakfasts, and some have been converted into hotels and restaurants.
From this perspective, the relevant laws and regulations are not perfect, and the grassroots supervision team is still relatively weak.
Zhang Xueqin said that the laws and regulations will be improved, and the shortcomings will be filled from the system level and the standard level.
It is now being studied in conjunction with relevant departments, especially for houses used for business purposes, will be fully supervised.
Some experts suggest that inspections of the occupation of cultivated land to build houses should be strengthened, the construction of the grassroots comprehensive law enforcement team should be improved, and the frequency of "look back" spot checks should be increased.
Implement the nationwide skill improvement project, promote the transformation of traditional masons in rural areas into "rural construction craftsmen", and standardize rural construction teams.
In addition, it is necessary to improve the detailed rules for the construction of rural self-built houses, clarify the main responsibility of the construction and the supervision responsibility, and strengthen the execution of supervision.
Lang Manhong, a lawyer from Shanxi Jincheng Junyi Law Firm, believes that the current restrictions on the conversion of rural self-built houses are relatively vacant, and the safety supervision system should be focused on this.