Islam and theocratic rule

By referring to the original sources of Islam, to the practices of adult caliphs, and to the view of ancient and modern Muslim political jurists, we find that the theocracy is totally incompatible with provisions and intentions, and with both his religious and political philosophy.

On the religious level, the Holy Qur’an removed holiness from the prophets and messengers themselves, and they are the best of God’s creation alike. He made them only human beings who report on God, and their infallibility is with God’s infallibility.

This infallibility never meant infallibility for them in the field of normal and human behavior, which are discretionary actions to which right and wrong respond, as it responds to the actions of other human beings, as dozens of evidence from the Qur’an and Sunnah testify to this.

In the field of exile to prove human described; the Holy Qur'an on the tongue of the Messenger of Allah says peace be upon him: (Say: I am only a mortal like you revealed to me that your God is one God, it was hoping to meet his Lord still keep a good work and do not involve the worship of his Lord one); (Cave / Verse: 110).

In exile deify the prophets and their claim status of the divine or the enslavement of the people; he says the right Almighty: (What was preached that God bestows the book and judgment and prophecy, and then say to people, be slaves to me without God, but be ye Rben including book and you know what you do you study); (Al-Imran / Verse: 79).

In exile claim that Jesus peace be upon him divinity and servitude to the people; he says the right Almighty: (Taking God said, O Jesus, son of Mary, have you said to people Atakdhuna and my mother as gods besides Allah Glory have me to say what I do not have the right that you have said it has taught him ۚ You know what is in myself and I do not know what is in yourself ۚ You are the science of the trance);

And the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, distinguished - on more than one occasion - between his prophetic, informative character or the position of prophecy, the message (which is the place of infallibility) and the seat of the Imamate and mankind, where he was acting in the first place by informing and directing the revelation and its payment, while he was acting in the second place according to his humanity and human nature , And if he had reached in this the height of human perfection, which does not contradict the occurrence of error in his diligence and appreciation.

The evident evidence for this is his saying, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, that it was proven in the two Sahihs: “You are specializing in me, but I am a human being, and some of you may have been more compelling in his argument from some, but I spend among you in a way that I hear from you. He does not take it, but rather I cut a piece of fire for him on the Day of Resurrection. " (Bukhari and Muslim).

This hadith shows that the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, behave in disputes that are presented to him according to his humanity, i.e. according to the evident clues that appear to him, and then all the judge has given him his religious conscience, as it is possible that the melody in the argument will have an effect in directing his view, may God bless him Peace and blessings be upon him to rule for the one who does not have the right, as it is in the same matter.

In the same way, what was mentioned in the Battle of Badr and the review of Al-Habab bin Al-Mundhir, the Messenger of God, peace and blessings of God be upon him, in his choice of the place of the descent of the Muslims, while preparing to meet the polytheists in the location of Badr, where Al-Habab said: “O Messenger of God, did you see this house? We have to move on and not be late for it - or is it opinion, war and intrigue? He said: Rather, it is opinion, war and intrigue. He said: Oh Messenger of God, this is not a house, so rise up until the lowest water comes from the people, and we get it down, then we sink what is behind the heart (= wells) Then we build a basin on it and fill it with water, then we fight the people so we drink and do not drink. " The Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, said: “I have indicated the opinion.” (Narrated by Al-Hakim in Al-Mustadrak.)

The same is also true in the incident of palm trees. A Muslim narrated in his Sahih on the authority of Rafi bin Khadij that he said: “The Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, presented the city, so if they cross the palm trees - he says: they pollinate the palm trees - so he said: What do you do?” They said: We would do it. Perhaps if you hadn't done it, it would have been good. So they left him, so she broke up, so they mentioned that to him, and he said: I am only human, if I command you something of your religion, take it, and if I command you with something of an opinion, then I am human. And it is similar to the saying of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him: “I am a human being. So what I told you about God is true, and what I said about it from myself is, I am a human who was mistaken and injured” ((Al-Bazar included it in his Musnad).

In the same way, what was mentioned about the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, in his therapeutic prescriptions or what is known as “the prophetic medicine”, as scholars are of the opinion that he, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, was in his medical prescriptions issued by his temporal human experience, and from the human experience available in that time . Hence, its medical prescriptions are not a binding religion, but rather a sign - like the reference to others - governed by the experience of the times, its culture and its sciences.

This is evidenced by what was narrated by Aisha, may God be pleased with her, who said: “The Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, was sick at the end of his life - or at the end of his life - so the Arab delegations presented him in every way, so they would give him mint (= prescriptions), and I was treating them To him "; (Narrated by Ahmad in his Musnad).

In this regard, Ibn Khaldun says: “Medicine transmitted in Shari’at like this (I mean the medicine of the desert based on short experiences), it is not a revelation about anything, but it was an ordinary matter for the Arabs, and it occurred in mentioning the conditions of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, of a kind He mentioned his conditions that are usually and jibla, not on the one hand that this is legitimate in this way of work, because he, peace and blessings of God be upon him, was sent to teach us the laws, and he was not sent to define medicine or any other matter. He fell for him regarding pollination of palms what happened. “You are aware of the affairs of your world.” None of the medicine that took place in the hadiths reported as legitimate should not be held, as there is no evidence for ". (Ibn Khaldoun in 'Al Muqaddama').

Judge Ayad says: "For such and similar matters are among the matters of the world - in which there is no entry to the science of religion or its belief or its teaching - it is permissible for him, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, what we mentioned (i.e. the error), because there is no shortage or station in all of this, but it is normal matters He knows whoever tried it and occupied himself with it, and the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, was charged with knowledge of deism, full of delinquency in the sciences of Sharia, mindful of the interests of the nation’s religious and worldly affairs. In many muezzin misfortune and negligence. " (Judge Ayad in 'Al-Shifa, defining the rights of the Mustafa').

The conclusion that we want to reach is that the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him - who is a pro-revelation - his informational infidelity did not prevent him from affirming his human character in the field of managing daily affairs, nor from his approval of the Shura and referring to the people of the Shura and experience, and to descend upon their opinion and considered opinion, which is the supporter By revelation.

Hence, he was conducting - without the teachings of revelation - the actions of the Imamate, that is, ijtihad, which can be taken and returned, and in other citizens he behaves with his nature and human experience that was commensurate with the level reached by the human experience at that time.

And if this is the matter of the Messenger of God, peace be upon him, who is pro-revelation, then this is first for other Muslim rulers who are neither prophets nor messengers, nor are they pro-revelation, nor are they at the level of his acumen and human perfection.

This is an indication that Islam did not lay the foundations of a theocratic system of government, but rather lay the foundations of a civil, humane state with a reference to an Islamic, Quranic reference based on Shura and justice, based on citizenship that accommodates Muslims and others.