The movie "Man Jianghong", which was released at the beginning of the year, tells a story about the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty.
This story took place in the fourth year after Yue Fei's death, that is, the sixteenth year of Shaoxing (1146), and it involved the period when Yue Fei resisted the gold.
In this way, the confrontation between Song and Jin in the early Southern Song Dynasty has become the focus of attention of movie viewers and history lovers.
For me, who is keen on visiting historical sites in the Beijing area, by exploring the old objects of Yanjing in the "Manjianghong" era, I may be able to discover more interesting historical topics.
In my opinion, the emergence of the confrontation between Song and Jin in the Yanjing area should be counted from 1122 (that is, the second year of Liao Baoda, the sixth year of Jin Tianfu, and the fourth year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty).
In December of this year, Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda led his troops to occupy Yanjing, and the defender of the Liao Kingdom surrendered.
Since then, it was the Song Dynasty that replaced the Liao Kingdom and entered the center of the game field.
By 1149 (the second year of Jin Huangtong and the nineteenth year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty), Wan Yanliang, a political official of Jin Guopingzhang, killed Jin Xizong, and then became emperor himself.
Not long after, Wan Yanliang decided to move the capital to Yanjing, and prepared to send troops to the Southern Song Dynasty again.
The era involved in "Manjianghong" is considered to be in the past.
At this time, Yanjing was in a transitional period, that is, the transition from Nanjing, the former Liao Kingdom, to the future capital of Jinzhong.
We know that Wan Yanliang built the Golden Capital, making Beijing a real imperial capital for the first time.
However, the construction of the imperial capital also caused serious damage to a considerable number of buildings in the Liao-Nanjing period.
Today, apart from the surviving Tianning Temple Pagoda and some ancient Liao Dynasty pagodas in the outer suburbs, there are very few old Yanjing sites that were built before the capital of Jinzhong.
If we only talk about the old traces of more than 20 years involved in "Manjianghong", there are even fewer.
In 1127 (the second year of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty and the fifth year of Jin Tianhui), the Jin army captured more than 3,000 Huiqin emperors, concubines, princes, princesses and noble relatives, and robbed a large number of books and treasures in the Bianjing court. etc., including astronomical instruments, stone drums in Qiyang, stone carvings of the Nine Classics, bronze figures of the Taiyuan Hospital, illustrated scriptures of acupuncture and moxibustion, and stone carvings in Dingwu Lanting.
Except for a few of these things lost on the way, the rest are stored in Yanjing. What can be seen so far is only the "Newly Cast Bronze Man Acupoint Acupuncture Tutorial" stele remnants and stones on seven sides.
Some people may say, isn't Genyue (Taihu Stone) in Bianjing also plundered by the Jin people during the "Jingkang Difficulty"?
Actually, this is a misunderstanding.
Gen Yue's "going north" was roughly in the sixth year of Jin Dading (1166), that is, when Jin Shizong built the Zhongdu Palace "Taining Palace".
The place where Gen Yue was resettled in large numbers was Qionghua Island in Beihai.
Although Gen Yue was ordered by the emperor to move to Yingtai in the South China Sea and Ningshou Palace in the Forbidden City in the later years, a considerable part of it still remained on Qionghua Island.
Yanshou Temple Site: Song Huizong was imprisoned here
The Jin army was divided into seven batches to escort the Huiqin Second Zong and the officials and people of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Among them, Song Huizong was escorted by the fourth batch on March 18th in the second year of Jingkang (1127), arrived in Yanjing on May 18th, and lived in Dayan Shou Temple.
As far as we know, there were at least six or seven Yanshou Temples in Beijing in the past, the most famous of which is the one located at the north entrance of Yanshou Street in the east section of Liulichang.
Because of its great reputation, it is considered by many people as "the place where Song Huizong was imprisoned", and even the "General History of Beijing" (Volume 4) also adopts this statement ("today's Yanshou Temple Street north of the Northeast Garden outside Hepingmen") .
However, according to historical data, this Yanshou Temple was first built in the sixth year of Ming Zhengtong (1441), more than 300 years after the death of Song Huizong.
Some scholars believe that the place where Song Huizong was imprisoned should be Yanshou Temple, which was expanded in the Liao Dynasty and located on Zaolinqian Street.
This Yanshou Temple is very large.
Twenty-four years after Song Huizong left, King Hailing moved his capital to Yanjing and changed the temple into a palace in the third year of Tiande (1151), called Yanshou Palace.
In the 21st year of Emperor Jin Shizong's Dading (1181), the temple may have suffered repeated fires, and it was once the palace of King Hailing, so it moved eastward and built a new temple. The location of the temple is about between Mishi Hutong and Yingxin Street. between.
However, the new temple only existed for more than 30 years and was destroyed when Genghis Khan destroyed the gold.
In the eighth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Ming Dynasty (1433), Zen Master Zhanran vowed to rebuild Yanshou Temple.
This new Yanshou Temple was built in the sixth year of Ming Yingzong Zhengtong (1441), and its location is on the west of the north end of Yanshou Street.
This temple was demolished in the late 1950s and rebuilt into Wangzhihe fermented bean curd factory.
After the factory moved out, it was changed into a hotel, bathing pool, etc.
It seems that Song Huizong may have been imprisoned at the former site of Yanshou Temple in Zaolinqian Street.
However, this statement has not been unanimously recognized by the literary and historical circles.
According to the records of "Guangxu Shuntianfu Chronicles", Dayan Shou Temple should be in the east of Minzhong Temple.
"Guangxu Shuntianfu Chronicles" states that this temple is "the place where Huizong lived".
The construction time of this temple is roughly the first year of Yuanxiang in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (538), and it is called "Weishijun Temple" among the people.
According to this theory, it can be deduced that because the two temples are very close to each other, the two Huiqin sects can often meet.
There is a poem that says: "Poor people follow the family law, and ancient temples still pass on Buddhist incense." It means that Qinzong visited his father Huizong in Dayanshou Temple and asked about his daily life. From time to time, the aroma of worshiping Buddha and burning incense came.
This statement was adopted by the "Historical Atlas of Xuannan" edited by Hou Renzhi.
Ruins of Haotian Temple: It is said that the two Huiqin sects met here
According to the "General History of Beijing" (Volume 4), the two Huiqin sects met at Haotian Temple (the site is located in the west of Xibianmennei Street Road, Beijing today).
This statement comes from "Guangxu Shuntianfu Chronicles": "(Haotian) Temple's former foundation is in the west of Xibianmen Street, where the Song Hui and Qin emperors once met. See "Yanyunlu". If the statement can be confirmed, Then Haotian Temple has become an important witness of the "Jingkang Difficulty".
In fact, Haotian Temple is a large royal temple built in the Liao Dynasty.
It is said that in the fifth year of Qingning (1059) of Emperor Daozong of Liao Dynasty, Princess Qinyue moved into the mansion of Tangyinfang and planned to build a temple.
Princess Qinyue's identity is very prominent. She is the daughter of Liao Shengzong, the younger sister of Liao Xingzong, and the wife of Han Wang Xiaohui. Empress Yide.
Xiao Hui once served as the commander of the Liao-Nanjing army and had great power.
Princess Qinyue worshiped Buddhism in her later years, and donated all her house, land, slaves, etc. to build Dahaotian Temple.
It's a pity that she died before the temple was built.
In order to show her filial piety, her daughter, Empress Yide, donated 130,000 guan at a time, and her son-in-law Liao Daozong also donated 50,000.
In the eighth year of Qingning (1062), Haotian Temple was completed, and Liao Daozong named it "Dahaotian Temple", and wrote the plaque on the mountain gate with his own hand.
At the same time, the East Street in front of the temple was also renamed Haotian Temple Street.
Therefore, Dahaotian Temple was built magnificently with the power of the whole country.
According to historical records, the hall of Dahaotian Temple is as gorgeous as a royal palace, more luxurious than the giant temple of Minzhong Temple at that time.
There is also an exquisite pagoda with a height of 200 feet built on the back side of the Daxiong Palace, which has become one of the important Buddhist centers in Yanjing City in the late Liao Dynasty.
If the two Huiqin sects met here, it would be an excellent place.
However, according to the previous deduction, the residences of the two sects are not far from each other. Is it necessary to come here to see each other?
In the third year of Yanyou reign of Emperor Renzong of the Yuan Dynasty (1316), Dahaotian Temple was rebuilt.
At this time, a coin called "Yanyou Tongbao" came out, which is a kind of temple money, also known as "temple money".
Folks call it offering money or offering money to Buddha.
It is said that this coin was also excavated during the construction and renovation of the underground facilities in Xibianmen Inner Street.
According to literature records, Haotian Temple survived in the early Qing Dynasty.
By the end of the Qing Dynasty, the original site of the temple had been abandoned as a vegetable garden.
In the 1940s, it was called "Haojingtai" and there was a small temple.
According to some scholars of literature and history, because the pronunciation of "Hao" and "Hao" are similar, Haojingtai should be the former site of Haotian Temple.
Later, this place became the workplace of the Third Design Institute of the Fifth Ministry of Machinery Industry and the Great Wall Optical Instrument Factory, and the Haojing platform was completely demolished.
Mentougou Jiuyuan Village: Legend has it that two Huiqin sects were imprisoned here
On the side of the Yongding River in Daxi Mountain in Mentougou District, there are scattered villages one after another.
One of the villages is called Jiuyuan Village.
There is a place name "Dazhai" in the village. This Dazhai is not Bi Dazhai in Xiyang County, Shanxi Province, but an ancient military site.
The reason why it was named Dazhai, according to folklore, is that the Han people in the Yellow River Basin in the Yuan Dynasty called the Mongolian soldiers Tazi, and this place was used by Mongolian soldiers for a long time, so the local villagers called it "Dazhai", and over time it evolved into "Dazhai". ".
The most indispensable thing in the Beijing area is folklore.
For example, in Dazhai, Jiuyuan Village, there is a theory that the two Huiqin sects were imprisoned.
Believe it or not, this statement actually appeared in the public information of Jiuyuan Village.
According to the village committee (also agreed by the elders in the village), Jin Bing escorted Huiqin Erzong to the north and passed through Jiuyuan Village on the way.
Jin Bing found that Dazhai had a superior location, easy to defend and difficult to attack, and it was a good place to set up camp, so he temporarily imprisoned the two emperors of Huiqin here.
Since then, the local people have called this place Luonanpo to commemorate the two "distressed emperors".
Today, the Dazhai site is located on a hillside platform in Jiuyuan Village. It looks dilapidated. Most of the surrounding walls have collapsed, but the foundation is still there.
As for whether Dazhai really imprisoned the second Emperor Huiqin, there is actually no conclusive historical evidence to prove it, but it is just word of mouth from the older generation of villagers.
Let us imagine that the Huiqin sects traveled northward from Bianjing (now Kaifeng, Henan). Except for a slightly longer stay in Yanjing and other important places, they were basically in a state of migration until they arrived at Wuguocheng.
Since entering the current territory of Beijing, there must be no shortage of places where the two sects stayed on the official road.
After entering Daxi Mountain, you will also stop in many villages.
In this way, it is not impossible for the "two sects to be imprisoned" to appear in Dazhai, Jiuyuan Village.
It's just that whether the Dazhai Fortress appeared in the Yuan Dynasty, or in the Song and Jin Dynasties, or earlier, is still unclear.
Xianlu Temple Ruins: Imprisonment of Song Dynasty princes and nobles
The location of Xianlu Temple is roughly in the middle of Guang'anmen Inner Street, which is where the Muslim School is located.
There are indeed relatively few documents about this temple.
According to literature records, during the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, residents of the Caishikou area once excavated a relic stone letter in the third year of Tianlu (949) of Emperor Shizong of Liao Dynasty.
According to Shihan's inscription, the excavation site is the former site of Xianlu Temple in Liao Dynasty.
The excavation of this inscription at least shows one point: Xianlu Temple had become an important temple in Yanjing during the reign of Emperor Shizong of the Liao Dynasty.
By the end of the Liao Dynasty, Xianlu Temple had become a large-scale temple. It was not without reason that it could be used as housing for a large number of members of the Song royal family, nobles, and officials who were captured in the north.
Fayuan Temple: the place where Song Qinzong was imprisoned
Fayuan Temple is the most worth visiting ancient temple in Xuannan area, and it is also the ancient temple with the longest history in the urban area of Beijing.
The former Minzhong Temple has many ties with Tang Taizong Li Shimin, Wu Zetian, An Lushan, Shi Siming and other important historical figures.
In the Liao Dynasty, Minzhong Temple was the most famous temple in Nanjing City of Liao Dynasty.
Its location is extremely superior: it faces the Yanjing government office in the west and faces the imperial city.
Since the south gate of Nanjing City is not often opened, it has become a must-pass for officials and businessmen from the south.
The emperor of the Liao Kingdom not only often came to Minzhong Temple to do Buddhist ceremonies, but also received envoys from the Northern Song Dynasty, Western Xia Dynasty, Goryeo and other countries here.
In 1022 (the second year of Taiping in Liao Dynasty and the first year of Qianxing in Northern Song Dynasty), when Song Zhenzong died, Shengzong of Liao Dynasty even ordered to set up an imperial spirit and build a Taoist temple in Minzhong Temple.
In the Liao Dynasty, Minzhong Temple was the first among all temples in Yanjing.
In 1127 (the second year of Jingkang in the Northern Song Dynasty and the fifth year of Jintianhui in the Northern Song Dynasty), Song Qinzong, as the seventh batch of captives, set off from Bianjing on the first day of April, arrived in Yanjing on the tenth day of July, and then settled in Minzhong Temple.
In September, the Hui and Qin sects went north again, and Qinzong lived in Minzhong Temple for about two months.
Today, there are not many cultural relics left in Minzhong Temple from the Liao and Jin Dynasties, and most of its main buildings were rebuilt after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is indeed not easy to find the relics of Song Qinzong's life.
Sheng'an Temple: It was built during the time when Yue Fei resisted gold
The Dasheng'an Temple in historical documents was built in the year of Jin Tianhui, and "Tianhui" was the only year name used by Jin Taizong Wanyan Sheng during his reign (1123-1135).
This time period coincided with the time when Yue Fei fought against gold.
When it was first built, Sheng'an Temple was located in Dongliuhu Village in Jinyanjing City.
According to legend, there is a lake outside the temple, with weeping willows blowing by the lake, and the scenery is beautiful, so Sheng'an Temple is also called Liuhu Temple.
During the Tianhui period, two begging monks came from the south, one Buddha Jue and one Huitang.
They are well-known in Yanjing, with tens of thousands of followers.
At that time, Wan Yansheng, who was in power, created various laws and regulations. He and the queen who also worshiped Buddhism invested tens of thousands of dollars to build a temple in Liuhu Village and accepted two masters. From this, the common people commonly called the temple Liuhu The temple was closed, and the strong incense began to ignite.
In the first year of Huangtong (1141), when Emperor Xizong of Jin Dynasty was in power, Jin and Song signed a joint agreement, and Song became a minister of Jin, and paid 250,000 taels of silver and silk every year.
Jin Xizong Wan Yanquan aggressively named the temple "Dayansheng Temple".
Now, if you search for "Sheng'an Temple" on the Internet, the most frequent occurrence must be the Sheng'an Temple located on the top of Dagui Mountain in Yueyang City, Hunan Province.
Inferred from the time of establishment, Yueyang Sheng'an Temple is indeed earlier than Beijing Sheng'an Temple, but in terms of its architectural regulations and grades, Beijing Sheng'an Temple is far better than Yueyang Sheng'an Temple.
Why is there such a lack of information about the Sheng'an Temple in Beijing?
In fact, it is not difficult to answer after a field visit.
This nearly 900-year-old temple currently only has a mountain gate, a Tianwang hall, a side hall and some architectural sketches.
Until the middle of the last century, Sheng'an Temple was still basically complete. Its buildings were rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there were basically no remains of the Jin Dynasty.
Among the Ming and Qing buildings in Sheng'an Temple, the most commendable ones are the Ming Dynasty murals in the Daxiong Hall.
The creator of the murals is Shang Xi, a court painter during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty.
Shang Xi is good at landscapes, figures, flowers and animals.
The handed down works include "Ming Xuanzong Xingle Picture" axis and "Guan Yu Capturing General Picture" axis (now in the Palace Museum), and the temple murals he painted survived until the middle of the last century, and it is said that there is only one place in Sheng'an Temple.
There are still two portrait steles of the precious cultural relics once owned by Sheng'an Temple.
One of the statues of Zhantan Buddha is engraved on the front, and there are records of all the courtiers;
The other one is engraved with the image of Avalokitesvara on the front and the holy image of Guan on the back, both of which are engraved with the words "Ji Chou August in Wanli".
These two steles are currently housed outside the Pilu Hall of Fayuan Temple.
In addition, the basically well-preserved Ruixiang Pavilion was moved to the top of the north hill inside the west gate of Taoranting Park, becoming a landmark building overlooking the entire Taoranting Pavilion.
Yanjiao Tower in Nanjing, Liaoning Province: perhaps witnessing the history of Jin Xizong's residence in Yanjing
In the thirteenth year of Tianhui (1135), Jin Xizong, who was only 13 years old, came to the throne.
He was educated by Han Fang, a scholar of the Han nationality, so he has a deep Sinicization.
It was once said that Jin Xizong was described as "like a young man from a Han family".
Jin Xizong hoped to rule the world with literature instead of traditional force. He advocated "respecting Confucius and nurturing scholars" and reusing Han scholars.
In April of the thirteenth year of Tianhui (1135), Song Huizong died of illness in Wuguocheng.
When the news reached Yanjing, Song officials who were envoys to the Kingdom of Jin mourned Song Huizong in Yanjing, and Jin Xizong ordered not to intervene. It was at this time that Jin Xizong planned to stop the war of aggression against Song Dynasty.
In the first year of Tianjuan (1138), Jin Xizong officially expressed his willingness to negotiate peace with the Southern Song Dynasty and exchange envoys.
It's a pity that Wanyan Zonggan, Wanyan Zongbi and other main fighters quickly took control of the court, and the war between Song and Jin broke out again, and Yue Fei became the absolute main force in the Southern Song Dynasty's resistance against Jin.
During the days when Yue Fei and Wanyan Zongbi fought fiercely in Yancheng, Jin Xizong decided to inspect Yanjing.
In April of the third year of Tianjuan (1140), Jin Xizong set off from Shangjing and arrived in Yanjing in September.
When entering Yanjing, he used the full set of rituals of the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
Jin Xizong lived there until September of the following year, which lasted ten months.
During his stay in Yanjing, he paid homage to the Taimiao of the Jin Dynasty and the Temple of Confucianism in person. He also appeased the subjugated kings of the Liao and Northern Song Dynasties: he named Yelu Yanxi, Emperor Tianzuo of the Liao Dynasty, from the "King of the Seashore" to the title of "Henan King". "King", promoted Song Huizong from "Mr. Hunde" to "King of Tianshui County", and promoted Song Qinzong from "Marquis of Chonghun" to "Duke of Tianshui County".
The Jin Dynasty had a tradition of "establishing the country with military force", and the power of military people has always controlled the state affairs. Therefore, the policy of "ruling by culture" implemented by Jin Taizong and Jin Xizong was obstructed by the military people in every possible way.
In the first year of Huangtong (1141), the powerful noble general Wanyan Zongqian died of illness, and Wanyan Zongbi planned to continue to be in power.
This Wanyan Zongbi is Yue Fei's most important opponent, Wushu.
He took advantage of Jin Xizong's dissatisfaction with the important minister Wanyan Xiyin, and reported Xiyin's attempt to rebel. Xizong immediately ordered Wanyan Zongbi to lead troops to surround Xiyin's house and kill Xiyin and his four sons.
Xiyin's mansion is located in the Tanzhou Gate area of Yanjing, which is to the west of today's Caishikou.
Since then, Wanyan Zongbi has not only mastered the military and political power of the imperial court, but also controlled the Yanjing area. The 19-year-old Jin Xizong almost became a puppet.
It was at this time that Yue Fei was murdered by Zhao Gou, Qin Hui and others on the charge of "unnecessary".
Now it is impossible to determine the location of the Taimiao and Confucian Temples worshiped by Jin Xizong. Perhaps we can speculate that before the appearance of Jinzhongdu, the Tucheng walls of the Liao-Nanjing period were still preserved.
If this is the case, the Yanjiao Tower in Nanjing City, Liaoning Province, located at the intersection of today's Beixiange Street and Guang'anmennei Street, is likely to be an important witness of Jin Xizong's stay in Yanjing.
Yanjiao Tower is a turret in the northeast corner of Nanjing Sub-city in Liao Dynasty.
The former Zicheng is located in the southwest corner of Nanjing City, Liaoning Province.
Since the southwest, northwest, and southeast corners of the sub-city intersect with the Liaonan city wall, only the northeast corner is independent, so a separate Yanjiao Tower was built to keep the sub-city intact.
The homophony of Yanjiao is "Yange" and "Xiange", which later evolved into Nanxiange Road and Beixiange Road.
The Yanjiao Tower has long since disappeared, only a white commemorative sign stands beside the bustling street.
National Museum: Collection of Song and Jin cultural relics related to "Manjianghong"
Not long after the "Jingkang Change" took place, Zhao Gou succeeded to the throne in Yingtianfu, Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan), with the reign name of Jianyan.
The emperor has been living in a fearful situation since he ascended the throne. For a long time, his "talismans" were four important generals.
The portrait facsimile of these four generals, "Four Generals of Zhongxing", is placed in the exhibition hall of "Ancient China Liao, Song, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties" of the National Museum. The author is Liu Songnian, a court painter who experienced the three dynasties of Xiaozong, Guangzong and Ningzong in the Southern Song Dynasty.
The "Four Generals of Zhongxing" are Liu Guangshi, Han Shizhong, Zhang Jun and Yue Fei who guided the defense of the country in the early Song Dynasty.
Being able to include Yue Fei and others in his works at least shows that Yue Fei had been rehabilitated when Liu Songnian started his creation.
In the exhibition hall of the National Expo, there is also a cultural relic cast by black iron.
This cultural relic is a kneeling statue of a person, that is, Qin Hui.
It comes from a Jingzhong temple that has long since disappeared in the capital, that is, Yuefei Temple.
Such kneeling statues are found not only in the Yuefei Temple in Beijing, but also in the Yuefei Temple in Tangyin, Henan (the place where Yue Fei was born) and the Yuefei Temple in Hangzhou (the place where Yue Fei died).
As the enemy of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Kingdom of Jin also has many cultural relics left in the world.
In the exhibition hall of the National Expo, there are three cultural relics worth mentioning.
One is a bronze mirror with double fish patterns made in the early Jin Dynasty. Its popularity may be related to the fishing and hunting habits of the Jurchen people.
Some people also believe that the fish pattern on the Jurchen bronze mirror may be related to the Jurchen belief in "Shamanism".
The second cultural relic is the bronze mirror of "Liu Yi Biography Story Scene".
The back of the bronze mirror made for the Jurchen nation is actually engraved with the legendary stories of the Han nationality. Isn’t it interesting?
The third cultural relic is called "Lielong", which is an ornament worn by Jurchen nobles in the Jin Dynasty.
It is said that the Lielong in the National Museum was wrapped in layers of silk when it was unearthed.
It can be seen that its owner must be a high-ranking royal family member.
Beijing Youth Daily Author: Shen Ge