The image of the black hole .. How does science explain the mystery of this phenomenon?

"It seems like we stand at the gates of hell, it is the end of everything, the end of time and place"

(Haino Valky)

No one expected it. Speaking about this promising project just a few hours ago, Haino Falke, chairman of the Scientific Council of the Horizon Horizon Project, said that some people said it was impossible to see a black hole. It was very complicated, but a research team , Most of them young people from forty countries 0, decided to chase the impossible for more than a decade, and he succeeds in his mission, officials at the Horizon Horizon telescope today unveiled the first curtain on the history of the black hole . Yes, everything I've ever seen on the media was only a two dimensional or three-dimensional design, what you see in front of you now is a real picture!

The star who died

But to understand how difficult that challenge is, deeper than the news everywhere, let us relax a little and prepare our minds for some simple physics, and start from the first moment, the moment the black hole is formed. Where any star in the universe stands stable because of the equal of two forces, the force of its attractiveness that drives it to collapse on itself, and the power of fusion nuclear reactions that produce as radiation is paid against that gravity, but at the end of the life of the giant stars that balance is broken because the star can not continue In the process of nuclear fusion, collapses itself in a fraction of a second to make a mass explosion called "Supernova" (2) (Supernova), leaving in its center a star Neutronia or black hole, but what is the black hole ?!

We know from Newton's Law of Attraction that the force of attraction of another object is affected by two parameters, the mass of each and the distance between them, if the mass increases gravity, and if the distance between two bodies increased less gravity. When you stand on the ground, its appeal to you is not only calculated from your knowledge of your mass and the mass of the earth, but also the distance between you and the center of the earth. If we assume that we somehow compress the earth so that it is ten times smaller than it is now, The earth's magnetism will be multiplied by about a hundred times, meaning you will stick to the ground and be almost motionless. This is what makes the black hole have a great ability to attract anything; its diameter is very small while still holding the mass of the collapsed star on its own, so its gravitational force rises, but to what extent can that force reach?

Every body in the universe has an attraction, you need to get away from that attraction until it jumps so fast that you need to ride a rocket that jumps at 11.2 kilometers per second. Other than Saturn requires a rocket to launch at 60.2 km / s, and from the sun you will need a rocket that jumps at 617.5 km / s. Thus, the more attractive the body, the faster we need to get out of the grip of its attractiveness. The black hole We say it is the offense that nothing, even the light beam itself, can escape from it; here we need to n Win more quickly than the speed of light which is already the fastest thing in the universe, here it shows what we call the "event horizon (3)" (Event Horizon).

Horizon event

In the center of the black hole there is what we call "Singularity", the point at which everything falls into the black hole, and the event horizon is the area around the black hole that represents the limit that can not even light It is impossible to see what is happening behind the horizon of the event, because any beam of light or a wireless signal or voice calls on your colleague abroad to save you, anything that tries to escape from that area to inform our eyes or radios of what happens There will not work, so the horizon of the event is not a barrier or a wall, but is like that point before entering the waterfall and that Then you can not go back with your boat no matter how powerful your engines are, then do not feel anything special other than fear of death at the end of the waterfall.

The "horizon of the event" is therefore a far cry from the center of the black hole through which the beam of light can be attracted to the interior. But that point in the center of the black hole is able to extend the force of attraction in all directions, so the black hole is more like a room in the form of a ball in space, this room has no walls, and lights are extinguished. The black hole is not a black mass made up of a substance, but a place where we can not see what is happening. This prompts us to an important question: How can we detect an offense that does not radiate anything? Especially if it is a small size when we know it as a star collapses on its own ?!

From hen to virgin!

It starts with a common mistake that says that the black hole is a sink that pulls everything, but that is not true. There is a huge disk around the black hole that contains the material that revolves very fast approaching the speed of light. - Simply - located outside the event horizon, and beyond the horizon of the event can escape the attraction of the black hole if it has sufficient speed, just as the boat can escape from the waterfall before a specific area.

This intense velocity and friction between the molecules of the material causes the temperature of the disk surrounding the black hole to rise. A large amount of X-rays can then be detected and accurately calculated and compared to the predictions of Einstein's equations. This is the way we discovered the black hole Called "Cygnus X-1" in 1971, the first celestial object astronomers agreed to be a strong candidate to be a black hole, and it was confirmed in 2011, but no one saw his picture, we only detected its impact.

Besides the X-rays, it was thought that the large radio jets coming out of the center of some galaxies are connected to the presence of super-massive black holes at their center. These jets emanate from the material adjacent to the black hole and not from the black hole itself, because, as you know, nothing radiates. The most famous examples here are the center of the elliptic galaxy M87 or Virgin A, which emits radio jets discovered in 1918 by Heber Curtis as a "strange straight flood." The mass of that black hole in its center is estimated at about 6.5 billion suns.

What is the relationship between the Horizon Horizon telescope and the radio of your old grandmother?

At that point, the Horizon Horizon Telescope is introduced, but to understand the entire picture we can start from the old radio in your home. We know that the radio is a radio receiver for different radio stations. The radio has several parts: the long antenna, for example , As well as the index that we manage to move between a large number and overlapping numbers that indicate frequency. For example, Middle East Radio, in Egypt, will be at 89.5 MHz. "Stars FM", a famous Egyptian radio, will be at the value of 100.6, the "megahertz" that travels between them is simply the point, on the electromagnetic spectrum, which can then pick up the station.

Your eyes can pick up only what is in the visible light range, but this range is only a spectrum part of a larger range called the electromagnetic spectrum. In fact, for us humans are different from the world for some birds, for example, because our neurotransmitters can sense only three colors (red, yellow, green), while some birds can receive seven colors, Many insects see a kind of electromagnetic spectrum called "ultraviolet radiation", while snakes are able to see "infrared".

The electromagnetic spectrum (6) is simply a broad band that carries all kinds of electromagnetic waves, such as light, infrared, ultraviolet and radio, but unlike the animal world, we humans can manufacture tools that can pick up waves that we can not see, The types of these waves are in the "radio" range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which is received by radio telescopes such as the "Horizon Horizon Telescope".

These radio telescopes resemble, exactly, the old radio in your home, but they are more accurate and efficient and are able to capture different radio bands. The antenna represented by a piece of metal can be raised as long as possible to capture weak radio stations. The radio telescope is matched by a large dish. The larger the diameter of the telescope, the more accurate and weaker it is. Below this dish is the telescope's body, which contains a large number of computers to capture, analyze and refine signals. , The radio telescope is a telescope that does not see, picks up signals only, as your grandfather's radio.

brilliant idea

For the black holes, the idea was not that the researchers would pick up a picture of the black hole itself, because that is not possible, of course, but taking a picture of the black hole is surrounded by the supplied disc that radiates in the radio range, so the black hole will appear like a black ball surrounded by massive Of the material that revolves around it, but the main problem that emerged at first is that the black hole is very small, it is similar to try your eye monitor lentil now in the city of St. Petersburg "and you stand on one of the" Kabari "Cairo!

For this reason, a new idea has come to mind: if we decide to monitor the small lentil (black hole) in a place that is about 55 million light years away from us in the heart of the galaxy A, which is an unimaginable number, we must have a telescope large enough to cover an area Larger than an entire continent, covering half of a planet as complete as the Earth. At that point, very long baseline interferometry (7) shows that many radio telescopes are connected simultaneously to effectively work together with one giant diameter dish Equals the longest distance between telescopes in the grid. For the event sky telescope, this distance starts from the South Pole and reaches Spain !!

Well, until now we have traveled most of the distance to capture the first image of a black hole located at such a distance. Only one thing left the telescope total of that force. It's like having a set of eight pianos, each piano containing a number of damaged keys, Each of the eight piano plays the same melody, for example, the ninth symphony of Beethoven. Although listening to a piano is one of them, you may not be able to easily recognize the melody because it will appear choppy and unclear. Collecting data from the eight piano compositions and integrating them together will enable you to hear a nearly complete picture of Beethoven's ninth.

Thus, the event horizon telescope collected data from eight observatories in almost half of the world. Then, through very complex computer programs, the small parts of the black hole image could be collected to appear as we saw hours ago and the social media was flooded. Dozens of researchers over several years to collect their parts as a piece of "Basel". These are just the preliminary results of the event horizon telescope. At the earliest opportunity, we await the results of this team's eager attempts to observe the nearby black hole, which is at the center of our Milky Way galaxy.

The universe arose - as we imagine - from a large explosion that occurred 13.8 billion years ago, slowly evolved and its temperature declined with the expansion of space-time until the first galaxies appeared, then the conditions allowed the planets to form and spin around the stars. Then 4.1 billion years ago, On our planet in a way that still invites us to wonder, that life has evolved and varied beautifully to reach the modern man only about 300 thousand years ago, and then the science appears in its modern image just a few hundred years ago, we use it to probe the depths of all that glorious global history and we can only today , From taking a picture of the most spectacular celestial bodies for a hundred Years ago. Carl Sagan once said: "We are the universe trying to explore itself."