The Arab region and the world witnessed many milestones in 2019, including the isolation of the Sudanese President, Omar al-Bashir, the death of the Tunisian President, Baji Kaid Essebsi, the isolation of the Algerian President, Abdelaziz Bouteflika, and the revolt of two popular revolutions in Iraq and Lebanon, in addition to the recognition by the Trump administration of the legitimacy of the settlements, And its recognition of Israel's sovereignty over the Syrian Golan Heights. Other notable events include the dispute over the Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, the measures to isolate US President Donald Trump, the yellow jacket demonstrations in France and Hong Kong several months ago, the Turkish attack on northern Syria, and the holding of new elections in Britain that brought Boris Johnson, a supporter Britain’s exit from the European Union, for prime minister, and other events.

Man may have difficulty finding some positive events between endless reports of war, terrorist attacks, aircraft crashes, climate problems, floods and hurricanes, volcanic eruptions, and other horrific events.

Since these events greatly affect the reality and future of the Arab region, we will try in this file, which extends through several episodes, to shed light on the most important of them, in order to document and benefit from the lessons.

2019 ... he started protesting against the increase in the price of bread and ended up depositing the head of the system in a correctional institution

Sudan is folding 30 years of Al-Bashir rule with an uprising that paved the way towards civil rule

The beginning of the year 2019 witnessed the beginning of the Sudanese protests in response to the deteriorating economic conditions, the high cost of living and the increase in the price of bread, as its first spark started from the cities of Port Sudan in the east of the country, and Atbara in the north, to extend to other cities, including the capital Khartoum, Omdurman and Al-Abyad in western Sudan, which resulted in The end to the fall of President Omar al-Bashir, who ruled the country with an iron hand for 30 years, and paved the way for a transition towards civil rule.

These unprecedented peaceful protests were met in the first months of 2019 with a violent response by the authorities that used various weapons to disperse the demonstrators, including tear gas and rubber bullets, and some cities witnessed a clear use of live bullets by the security forces, what It caused dozens of deaths and injuries among the demonstrators.

In light of the increasing protests and their inclusiveness, the authorities suspended study in universities and schools in Khartoum, while declaring a state of emergency and imposing a curfew at night in some states.

April uprising and al-Bashir isolation

Hundreds of thousands demonstrated on April 6 to commemorate the April 6 uprising that overthrew the rule of former Sudanese President Jaafar Nimeiri, heading towards the headquarters of the Sudanese Armed Forces General Command and the Palace of Hospitality, the residence of President Omar al-Bashir. The protesters held a sit-in at the headquarters level, and the security forces intervened to disperse them by force.

The protesters continued their open sit-in in front of the headquarters of the General Command, calling for Bashir to step down and topple the regime, amid tensions that occurred after the security forces intervened again to disperse the sit-in. This month witnessed an implicit shift in the position of the Sudanese army, after the latter clashed with members of the police with live bullets in order to protect the protesters, resulting in the killing of five soldiers.

Things evolved rapidly, after about a week of sit-in, near the headquarters of the General Command of the Army; the latter was held on the morning of Thursday, corresponding to

On April 11th, a meeting was not attended by al-Bashir, amid news that she spoke about the closure of Khartoum International Airport, and the cordoning off of the presidential palace with military mechanisms, and then after about seven hours, the armed forces issued a statement announcing

President Omar al-Bashir took power and arrested him in a safe place, and formed a transitional military council led by Ahmed Awad bin Auf, to lead the country for two years, and announced the imposition of a three-month state of emergency in the country, and suspended the implementation of the current constitution, along with the dissolution of each of the cabinet, governments States, legislative assemblies, as well as a one-month curfew nationwide.

Bin Auf's resignation

Nevertheless, the protests continued throughout the next day, in which the protesters demanded the removal of the Transitional Military Council as a whole amid their insistence on the formation of a civilian transitional government.

After that, Bin Aouf announced his abdication of the presidency of the Transitional Council, and the Army Inspector General appointed General Abdel-Fattah Abdel-Rahman Al-Burhan to succeed him.

Despite the removal of al-Bashir and the resignation of Bin Auf and the rise of the proof, the protests did not stop, and a large number of Sudanese remained in the sit-in headquarters near the general command of the army, calling for the formation of a civilian transitional council leading the country in this period as an alternative to the military council.

By April 24, hundreds of thousands of protesters gathered in the streets of the Sudanese capital Khartoum, and then the demonstrators became more intense after the arrival of a train from Atbara loaded with a large number of Sudanese, to participate in the protests, and continue to pressure the military council to hand over the reins of power.

Millionaires civil authority

On May 1, the Sudanese Professionals Assembly accused the military council of trying to break the sit-in in the armed forces square, after a third round of negotiations between the council and the Alliance of Freedom and Change Forces to form a sovereign council leading the country faltered.

The coalition announced a "millionaire of civil authority" that had already taken place on June 30, when hundreds of thousands of Sudanese from various cities and regions flocked to the center of the capital, Khartoum, calling for the formation of a transitional council in which the majority of civilians would be present.

The massacre of the general command

The Sudanese people continued their sit-in in the capital Khartoum, despite the rise in temperature during this period of the year, and in conjunction with the month of Ramadan.

On the morning of June 3, the Sudanese forces launched a violent attack on civilians at the sit-in and used live bullets, causing deaths and hundreds of injuries, then this number rose to 128 people, according to the statistics of the Central Committee of Doctors of Sudan.

The leaders of the demonstrations declared a general and open political strike and civil disobedience from the day the massacre was carried out until the overthrow of the regime.

Slogans ignited the demonstrations

Many of the demonstrations raised the phrase "the people want to topple the regime", as well as "oh a revolutionary hose of revolutionary thieves would not rule us,"

The slogan "freedom - peace - justice ... revolution is the people's choice."

The demonstrators also interacted with other slogans, including the slogan "The shot does not kill by killing the Zulk seals",

The slogan "The blood of the martyr is yours, and the question is not forbidden?"

Political transition agreement

The protest movement succeeded in reaching an agreement with the army stating that power would be shared between them in a joint civilian-military council that was formed on August 17, when the military council and the protest movement formally signed the agreement for a political transition.

On August 21, the sovereign council that will govern Sudan during the transitional period headed by Lieutenant General Abdel Fattah Al-Burhan was sworn in during the first 21 months, while a civilian will take over the presidency during the remainder of the period until democratic elections in 2022.

On September 8, a civilian government was formed, Abdullah Hamduk was installed as Prime Minister, and his government was sworn in.

On September 22, Hamddock formed a committee to investigate the crackdown in Khartoum in June.

On November 28, the transitional authorities issued a law dissolving the Bashir Party, the National Congress, and confiscating all of its assets, which is a major demand of the protesters, and followed it by a decision dissolving the unions that were established during the era of the ousted president, and that were one of the pillars of his rule.

Bashir has been placed in a correctional facility for two years

On December 14, the court that was considering the case of financial corruption in which the ousted Sudanese president, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, ruled to deposit him in a correctional institution for two years, and to confiscate the sums seized by the authorities.

According to the provisions of the laws in force in Sudan, the maximum penalty for the two charges in which Bashir is tried is 13 years, but the judge issued his reduced sentence due to Bashir's over 70 years of age.

Al-Bashir was accused of obtaining funds from foreign sources.

On the evening of the same day, the prosecution confirmed the opening of an investigation against him for murder and crimes against humanity in Darfur, South Kordofan, and Blue Nile.

Al-Bashir attended a number of his trial sessions, which began on August 19, and appeared during those sessions, while he was in an iron cage wearing the traditional Sudanese costume.

The "Kandaka" Alaa Salah is the icon of the protests

Architectural student, Alaa Salah, who turned into an icon of protests, after she led the chants during demonstrations and sit-in in front of the General Command of the Army in Khartoum, confirmed that women are the cornerstone of the uprising against the rule of Bashir.

She has posted videos on the Internet that showed her standing on a car driving the crowds outside the headquarters of the army's general, and inflaming the revolutionary demonstrators with an enthusiastic chant for "Kendaka", wearing the white Sudanese dress, singing and stimulating the crowds, while its golden earrings reflect the light of the mobile phone cameras surrounding it.

The Sudanese demonstrations were characterized by an intense presence of women and girls who played a key role in the continuation of street-level protests, due to their constant presence with the rest of the youth and men in order to demand the departure of Bashir.

The role of Sudanese women was not limited to participating in the protests only, but exceeded it further, and their presence became necessary at every demonstration, because of the support they provide to the revolutionaries through the aid of the wounded and the injured, as well as participation in the enthusiasm and encouragement of the rest of the participants through Zargheed and songs.

Not only that, it also showed pictures and videos of Sudanese young women confronting members of the security forces, and preventing them from advancing at times.

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