□ smell it
"From the festival to the small summer heat, the sky will change and the rain will continue."
Since July 16, the "San Fu" curtain has been opened. This year's "San Fu" has a total of 40 days. From July 16 to 25, it is the first fu, from July 26 to August 14, it is the middle fu, and on August 15 To the 24th is the last day.
According to folklore experts, "Fu" means "terrestrial", which means that Yin Qi is temporarily hidden underground by Yang Qi.
"Sanfu" is not only the hottest stage in the whole summer, but also "hides" many traditional cultures in the dog days, including food culture, summer culture, and poetic descriptions and praises of the dog days by the ancients, which can be said to be all-encompassing.
The dog days are determined according to the ancient Chinese method of keeping the branches and branches of the day. Every year, the third Geng day after the summer solstice is the first day, the fourth Geng day is the middle day, and the first Geng day after the beginning of the autumn is the last day. Three volts.
The origin of dog days has a long history. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the Qin State's "Records of the Grand Historian Qin Ji Liu" said: "In the second year of Duke Degong of Qin (676 BC), it was the beginning of the fall." For this reason, the cloud is falling at the beginning, and those who are falling are hiding in hiding to avoid the summer heat.”
The "fu" in the dog days can be called Changxia, which is an alternative arrangement of the seasons by the Five Elements, in which "fu" means "earth".
The four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter are named wood, fire, earth, gold, and water by the Five Elements. There are five seasons in a year: spring, summer, long summer, autumn and winter. From autumn to winter, metal produces water, water produces wood, and wood produces fire. , the natural cycle.
However, from summer to autumn, it is not the case. Fire beats gold, and gold does not dare to come out, so it has to hide for a period of time. "Hidden" is the original meaning of "fu".
According to the explanation of the Han Dynasty, after the summer solstice, the yin can only be hidden underground.
"Sanfu" has been highly valued since ancient times. In addition to performing sacrifices during Futian, people will choose to stay behind the door on the day of Futian, which is called "fuxi".
The princes and ministers enshrined in the imperial court can also receive a "high temperature subsidy" - ice cubes during Futian.
As early as the Zhou Dynasty, people had cut and stored ice in winter, and used ice to cool down in summer. The cold cellar for storing ice was called "Lingyin", and the management officials were called "Lingren". Ice people are called "apprentices".
In the pre-Qin period, there was a practice of hiding ice in winter and rewarding ministers in summer the following year.
In ancient times, ice cubes were mainly used for refrigerating fruit and rice wine, and the container for holding ice was called "ice mirror". Zeng Houyi of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period once owned a pair of copper ice mirrors, which are now stored in the Hubei Provincial Museum and the National Museum of China. It can be said to be the earliest portable small refrigerator.
In the Qing Dynasty, the system became more and more perfect, and the standard product of "ice ticket" appeared.
In the midsummer season, the sun is scorching the earth. In ancient times, apart from fans, there was no heat-relieving equipment to help them through the midsummer.
Wealthy families have ice cellars at home to store ice cubes, which can be taken out to cool down and relieve the heat in summer.
Like other festivals, ancient Futian also inherited many food customs, such as Toufu radishes, two Fu vegetables, Sanfu can also grow buckwheat; Toufu dumplings, Erfu noodles, Sanfu pancakes, eggs, etc.
In addition, the ancients attached great importance to the three-fu (3-Fu) fit, for example, in the Han Dynasty, the imperial court gave meat.
In the dog days of ancient times, people usually eat noodles, which started in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
It is recorded in historical data that "soup cakes" are eaten in dog days, which is today's one-sided soup.
In the Tang Dynasty, people no longer eat "soup cakes", but "cold noodles", but they need to be eaten with honey.
This incomprehensible way of eating was still eaten until the Song Dynasty.
Under normal circumstances, when the emperor gave the ministers items in the dog days, he would give them a bottle of honey along with them.
In addition, there is a saying of eating three melons in dog days: three melons are bitter gourd, loofah and wax gourd. Most of the melons can clear away heat and dampness, help to expel toxins, strengthen the spleen and appetizers, and are very suitable for cooling down and preventing heatstroke in dog days.
In the past, if the dog days encountered a drought, it would have a serious impact on the lives of the people.
Since the Qin Dynasty, the dog days of midsummer have attracted the attention of the rulers.
In ancient times, people believed that the reason why the dog days were so hot was because there were "ghosts" in trouble.
Then what should be done?
The ancients came up with a strange trick: people need to kill a dog, distribute the dog meat to everyone, and eat it together, so as to survive the dog days.
This custom has appeared in ancient times, but this is contrary to people's usual concept.
It is generally believed that dog meat is a hot food and cannot be eaten in summer.
Of course, in some places there is still the cultural habit of eating Fuyang in dog days.
For example, in Xiaoxian County, Anhui Province, the "Eating Fuyang Food Festival" has a history of more than 300 years. In Shanxian County, Shandong Province, the traditional food culture of eating Fuyang is full of cultural flavor after being integrated with the seasons.
It is reported that the production process of Shanxian mutton soup has been included in the national intangible cultural heritage, included in the "Chinese Famous Cookbook", and enjoys the reputation of "the best soup in the world".
In Shanxian, the history of "futian eating Fuyang" can be traced back to the period of Yao and Shun.
Legend has it that in a certain year, an inexplicable epidemic raged in the Shanxian area, and the people panicked.
Emperor Shun recruited a genius doctor to save the people, and after a hundred days and a hundred medicines, group prevention and group treatment, the results were not good.
A wealthy family outside the city is safe and sound, and the masses are puzzled.
Emperor Shun sent people to investigate, and learned that his whole family liked to eat mutton in the hot summer.
Everyone followed suit, and the epidemic was overcome.
So far, there is a popular saying that "a bowl of Fuyang soup in Shanxian County does not require a magician to prescribe a prescription".
The dog days are coming, and it is also a very pleasant content to spend the bitter summer in ancient poetry and find coolness.
Pi Rixiu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, wrote in the poem "You Qixia Temple": "I don't see the layman of the Ming Dynasty, but the mountains are empty but lonely. The white lotus chant is lacking, and the green mist is sitting and selling. Shi Shangyue, the theory of relativity is free." This poem narrates the poet's visit to Qixia Temple in dog days. Because of the high mountains and dense forests, he does not feel the heat of the weather.
The Song Dynasty poet Lu You wrote "Sense of the Past", which also wrote the fiery mood of the dog days: "Yueyang is hot in the dog days, and the refreshing air is never seen. He has written many songs "Sense of the Past", and "Sense of the Past" is to Lu You what "Untitled" is to Li Shangyin.
The gist of this seven-character quatrain "Sense of the Past" is: The dog days of Yueyang are as hot as a steamer, without a trace of cool breeze.
Eight hundred miles of Dongting was surrounded by white waves, and Yueyang Tower was shaken. It felt like returning to the mausoleum of the ancestor Xuanyuan Huangdi.
The Ming Dynasty poet Su Kui wrote in his poem "Bitterness and Heat": "Pufan has no power in the courtyard, and the moon is still in the south. Offering a pillow, the icy cocoon is better than the fine silk. When I am sleepy, I remember a thousand years of events, and there are still three armies galloping in June." Su Kui was a scholar and scholar of the Ming Dynasty.
This seven-character rhythm poem describes the scorching sun and the unbearable heat in the dog days.
There is a saying: "When people are in the rivers and lakes, they can't help themselves." When people are in officialdom, they live high in temples, and they accompany the emperor as if they are tigers and walk on thin ice; or they are far away from the rivers and lakes.
In the officialdom, it is like a person in the dog days, in dire straits.
Regardless of the ancients or the people of today, the dog days to cool off, give people the feeling of a cup of hot tea, with a ray of fragrance in the bitterness.
The dog days of summer are like a love poem, full of enthusiasm and in full swing.