1个“严禁”27个“不得”保障职教生实习权益
近日，教育部等八部门联合印发《职业学校学生实习管理规定》(2021年修订)(以下简称“新规定”)。此前的职教生实习存在哪些问题？新规定如何保障学生的权益并且提高实习质量？为此记者采访了教育部职业与成人教育司相关负责人及职业院校学者。
八部门联合印发规定，保障职教生实习权益
职业教育课程，实习是至关重要的一环。2016年，教育部等五部门联合印发了《职业学校学生实习管理规定》，保障职教生实习权益。
时隔五年，八部门联合印发新一版规定，着重要解决哪些问题？
“经济社会发展要求提高技能供给质量，进一步规范实习管理、提高实习质量，可以说是推动现代职业教育高质量发展的内在需求。”教育部职业教育与成人教育司负责人说，“一段时间以来，一些单位和个人受利益驱动，以实习为名组织学生到企业生产流水线务工、安排加班和夜班、强制实习、收费实习、实习专业不对口等问题时有发生。”
记者在采访中了解到，职业教育学生实习存在许多乱象，个别学校和不法厂商把实习学生当作廉价劳动力，实习报酬低廉不说，甚至还要被学校“侵吞”，严重侵害学生权益，也让社会对职业教育的评价下降。尤其是中介机构介入实习赚取“人头费”，是产生强制实习、付费实习的重要源头。
“针对以实习为名组织学生到企业务工、赚取‘人头费’、强制实习等问题。新规定以1个‘严禁’、27个‘不得’划出红线。明确实习协议必须由职业学校、实习单位、学生三方签署，重申不得通过中介机构或有偿代理组织、安排和管理学生实习工作。”教育部职成司负责人介绍，具体包括：“不得仅安排学生从事简单重复劳动”“不得安排学生从事Ⅲ级强度及以上体力劳动或其他有害身心健康的实习”“严禁以营利为目的违规组织实习”等等。
重新界定实习分类，减轻学生负担
新规定重新界定实习分类，将跟岗实习和顶岗实习统一为“岗位实习”，要求学校加强对实习单位的选择之外，同时鼓励和引导企(事)业单位等按岗位总量的一定比例，设立实习岗位并公开发布。
“一般来讲，跟岗实习是学生跟着学习，做一些辅助工作，而顶岗实习是学生独立完成生产任务。从跟着做到独立做是一个循序渐进的过程，将跟岗实习和顶岗实习统一为岗位实习，有助于系统化设计岗位实习。”江苏宜兴高等职业技术学校党委书记、校长刘炜杰说。
“统一为岗位实习，有利于提高管理效率。”江西应用技术职业学院教务处副处长高学鹏说，“实际工作中，有的时候难以区分跟岗和顶岗，旧规定造成人为的隔断，影响了效率。之前学生需要提交顶岗和跟岗两份实习材料，新规定统一之后，学生不用再重复劳动，减轻了负担。”
对职业教育来讲，有一个问题其实长期存在：由于缺乏系统性的设计与安排，许多企事业单位对于接收实习这件事外热内冷，尤其是成批的大规模的专业技术实习。加之职业技术学校教学质量良莠不齐，对一些学校来讲，找到正常规范的实习单位其实并不容易。
“近年来数字经济催生新业态新模式，驱动岗位升级、职业场景变化，同时，随着生产性实训基地、虚拟仿真实训基地建设的推进，部分专业实现了在校内或园区就可以不同形式基本再现企业真实职业场景。新规定在实习的边界上有新变化，对于建在校内或园区的生产性实训基地、厂中校、校中厂、虚拟仿真实训基地等，已经可以基本再现真实职业场景的，也可作为实习单位。”教育部职成司相关负责人说，“另外，鼓励和引导企(事)业单位等按岗位总量的一定比例，设立实习岗位。”
多设实习岗位，能否获得企业的热情回应？
刘炜杰说：“之所以企业接收实习外热内冷，是因为职业学校教学与企业岗位需求严重脱节，学生实习往往影响企业正常的生产，实习成本远远超出企业收益，因此，企业不愿意接收实习。”据了解，宜兴高等职业技术学校根据中小微企业具体需求修改人才培养方案，与相关企业联合开设综合实践课程，培养中小微企业“用得上、留得住”的技术技能人才，深受企业欢迎。
"In the new regulations, there are incentives and policy support for internship units that have achieved remarkable results in supporting vocational school internships. For example, the reasonable expenditures actually incurred by enterprises that are related to the income obtained by accepting student internships shall be calculated according to the law when calculating the taxable income. Deduction. Local people's governments at or above the county level can give corresponding incentives to vocational schools, intern students and internship units that have achieved remarkable results in internship work in accordance with regulations. These can promote enterprises to be more willing to accept internships, and promote vocational schools and enterprises. Unit linkage is routine." said Chen Zhengjiang, executive deputy director of the Higher Vocational Education Development Research Center of Zhejiang Finance Vocational College.
The "Model Text of Internship Agreement" was distributed for the first time to standardize the practice behavior
"The release of the internship agreement is conducive to standardizing internships. Our school has two types of agreements: follow-up internships and on-the-job internships. During the implementation process, companies often think that this is a one-way behavior of the school, and some companies do not cooperate with us to sign agreements. The Ministry of Education After the unified standard, it will be conducive to the signing of the agreement and standardize the practice behavior." Gao Xuepeng said.
The new regulations issued the "Model Text of Internship Agreement" for the first time, which clarified that the internship must be signed by the vocational school, the internship unit, and the student. At the same time, it also clarified that an informed consent signed by the student's guardian or parent should be obtained.
"There have always been many versions of internship agreements in vocational schools, which are extremely arbitrary, but they are often full of loopholes when encountering disputes over internship management. The "Model Text of Internship Agreements" has established the basic norms of internship agreements, which is the rule of law in vocational education. The profound embodiment of the field. The rights and obligations of vocational schools, internship units and intern students are clarified, which is helpful for solving relevant problems in internship management. Effectively safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of intern students is conducive to promoting the improvement of the quality of professional talent training. "Liu Weijie said.
The three parties signed a standardized internship agreement, so that many specific issues have a basis for standardized operation.
For example, guaranteeing student internship remuneration.
It is stipulated that the remuneration for internship shall not be lower than 80% of the salary standard of the same position in the unit or the lowest salary standard, and the payment period shall not exceed 1 month.
It is not allowed to pay for money in lieu of goods or vouchers or to be forwarded by a third party. It is not allowed to charge students for internship deposits, training fees, internship remuneration commissions, management fees, internship materials fees, employment service fees or other forms of internship fees. Provide security or otherwise collect student property.
Another example is not to require students to work night shifts and overtime, not to simply apply the attendance system of the internship unit, and not to simply apply the employee standards to students for assessment, etc.
“学生对法律、规定不熟悉，之前没有规范合同，有时候权益被侵犯也不清楚，一旦有问题发生，维护自己的权益也困难。《实习协议示范文本》具有权威性和公信力，有利于对实习活动提供基础性的制度保障。也是实习管理规范化、阳光化程度不断提高的体现。”陈正江说。
(本报记者 李玉兰)