根治欠薪冬季专项行动让越来越多农民工安“薪”返乡，但仍有人忧“薪”忡忡
年底讨薪人：担心离开工地就再也要不回钱
本报记者黄海波、刘玉龙
“我们拿到钱了，感谢大家的关注。”距离虎年春节不到一个月时，来自四川眉山的建筑施工企业负责人王富，终于拿到了总承包单位支付的60万元工资，“手下的兄弟们可以安心过年了”。
2021年11月以来，各地区各部门坚决贯彻落实党中央、国务院决策部署，扎实推进根治欠薪冬季专项行动，越来越多农民工安“薪”返乡。
对于近2.9亿农民工来说，拿到钱过好年，是最朴素的愿望之一。然而，年关将至，记者通过国家政务服务平台等渠道提供的线索发现，在建筑工程领域，仍有不少农民工忧“薪”忡忡。有的虽然项目已停工但还留守工地讨薪，有的辗转多地，希望在春节之前替工友也替自己要回应得的公平公正。
担心离开工地后，再也要不回钱
1月17日，时值四九寒冬。天还没亮，50岁的胡文兴就早早出门了。去讨薪的地方不到一小时车程，老胡内心有些忐忑，担心这一次依然无法要回被拖欠的100多万元工资。
老胡的微信名叫“建筑郎”，做木工近30年，常年带着20多个亲戚朋友“转战”大大小小的工地。2021年3月至12月，他们在河北省定州市某项目打工。眼看春节快到了，工资却还没着落。
“元旦前，包工头说建设单位让再等等，春节前肯定结算。”老胡说，大家还是很担心，于是就和包工头一起到工地找项目经理。
“项目经理只说再等等，不敢承诺春节前结算。”胡文兴说，1月上旬到当地劳动监察部门反映了问题，但几经波折，至今没有一个准信，大家只能干着急。
公开资料显示，胡文兴所在的项目由保定德发房地产开发有限公司开发，承建方为河北保定城乡建设集团有限责任公司、易县华硕建筑安装工程有限公司。
张成和七八个工友从2020年5月至2021年8月也在该项目做钢筋工，“目前被拖欠17万元”。
据他透露，从去年8月起，就有工友到当地劳动监察部门反映被拖欠工资，大家意见比较大，“拖欠的不仅仅是2021年的，还有很多是2020年的”。
相比胡文兴、张成等人，远在吉林四平的王军运气好一些，尽管讨薪过程同样曲折。
进入腊月，四平最低气温达到零下20多摄氏度。所在项目早在2021年9月就停工了，但为了讨薪，来自江苏省南通市的王军和其他7名工友选择住在工地活动板房里，没有暖气，全靠“小太阳”和厚厚的大棉服撑着。
“我们前年3月进场开工，前4个月每月收到3000元的生活费，之后就没了。”王军细数到手的钱，干了将近两年的活，一共才拿到19423元工钱，还差81376元。
去年春节，王军因为疫情没有回老家。今年，大家都盼着早点回去与家人团圆，但又担心离开工地后再也要不回工钱，只能选择暂时待在东北。
“劳务公司的人总说再等两天。”王军说，一等就是好几月。2021年12月2日，他们到四平市劳动监察大队反映欠薪问题，先后提交了劳动合同、工资登记表等材料。此后一个多月，他们多次去劳动监察大队打听进展。
经过当地有关部门协调，1月14日，王军和工友终于足额拿到了被拖欠的工资。
干的越多拖的越多，还可能被“套”
“为了保障项目进度和质量，施工方通常不会拖欠农民工工资。”山东某建筑施工企业负责人杨扬说，工程造价款支付不及时、不足额，是企业难以及时、足额支付农民工工资的主要原因。
杨扬举例说，他的公司2020年中标两个房地产建设项目，合同暂定金额近6亿元。施工合同约定的付款条件为：“自开工之日起十二个月内，付至签约合同价的40%；自开工之日起二十四个月内，付至签约合同价的70%……”目前，两个项目施工产值超过3.4亿元，按约定发包单位应支付约2.4亿元，但实际仅支付了1.3亿元，公司垫资超过2.1亿元。
“过去一年原材料大涨，银行贷款又难，我们垫了这么多钱，压力非常大。”杨扬说。
Zhou Min, head of the Ningxia project office of a construction company in Jiangxi, also said that under the multiple influences of the epidemic and real estate policies, it is very difficult for the company to turn around its capital. .
"When we bid, we can only judge whether it is sufficient based on the source of funds announced by the builder, such as financial appropriation, etc., but we cannot verify the authenticity. As long as the project starts and personnel enter the site, labor costs will be incurred. If the builder lacks funds at this time. , our construction companies will have a very difficult life." Zhou Min said.
In fact, many projects in the construction field have low-priced contracts and excessive execution. The general contractor pays according to the low-priced contract, which leads to the shortage of funds for construction enterprises and affects the normal payment of migrant workers' wages.
Wang Fu's company has almost four or five projects under construction all year round. At present, the arrears of construction funds exceed 10 million yuan. They can only rely on their own funds to maintain operations. Undertake projects.
Once you go to court, your business is gone
Cao Lin, who was doing wall plastering in a project in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, and 28 fellow villagers on the same construction site were owed wages of 443,000 yuan in total.
After reporting to the local labor inspection department, 80,000 yuan was returned from the construction unit.
"A staff member suggested that we go to court to sue. Migrant workers come out to make money, how can they hire a lawyer?" Cao Lin said.
In November 2013, Huang Xiaodong from Luzhou, Sichuan contracted part of the labor project of the teacher's residential area in Huangguoshu Scenic Area, Guizhou.
It is understood that the project was developed by Guizhou Jinshengzhibo Real Estate Development Co., Ltd. and constructed by Guizhou Liupanshui Municipal Engineering Company.
The project was settled in January 2016.
The settlement list provided by Huang Xiaodong shows that Liupanshui Municipal Engineering Company should pay him a total of more than 5.47 million yuan in labor costs.
Huangguoshu Scenic Area Education Bureau's reply to the petition question issued on January 15, 2016 stated that the investor plans to raise 3 million to 4 million yuan before the end of the month to solve the wages of workers in the project.
That time, Huang Xiaodong received 900,000 yuan.
In April 2016, Huang Xiaodong sued Liupanshui Municipal Engineering Company to the court.
The People's Court of Zhenning County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province found that Liupanshui Municipal Engineering Company owed Huang Xiaodong 4,578,561.1 yuan in labor fees.
In 2019, the Anshun Intermediate People's Court upheld the original judgment after the second instance of the case.
但到目前为止，黄晓东仅收到小部分款项。为了讨要这笔劳务费，近年来，他在四川和贵州之间多次奔走，仅分两次拿到共42万元，仍有415万余元未要回。“年年讨薪，既无助又无奈。”他说。
“一共有200多名工人参与了该项目的建设，工人每年都找我要工资，我借遍了亲戚朋友，加上银行贷款，一共凑了60多万元，但只是杯水车薪。”黄晓东说，有的工人由于拿不到工资，甚至对他有过激行为。
已经顺利拿到60万元工资的王富透露，他们在成都还有一笔50万元的项目款被拖欠了3年，正在走司法程序。他坦言，施工企业普遍都是中小企业，为了能够与大企业长期合作，不到万不得已，就不会撕破脸去上诉，“一旦撕破脸告到法院，以后这家企业的业务也就接不到了”。
制度不断完善，多重因素导致落实不力
近年来，随着《保障农民工工资支付条例》《工程建设领域农民工工资专用账户管理实施细则》《工程建设领域农民工工资保证金规定》等一系列文件的出台，相关法律法规不断完善。
但多位受访人士反映，相关制度在实践中有待进一步发挥作用，尤其在农民工工资专用账户、审计、履约担保等方面，存在制度落实不到位等问题。
“虽然施工总承包单位按照有关规定开设了农民工工资专用账户，专项用于支付该工程建设项目农民工工资，但什么时候拨付资金、拨付多少全由其说了算，银行、施工单位都管不了，也不愿多惹事。”上海某建筑企业负责人李泽说。
为了稳步有序推动建筑业企业工程项目复工复产，住房和城乡建设部曾于2020年初发布相关通知规范工程价款结算，通知提出：“政府和国有投资工程不得以审计机关的审计结论作为工程结算依据，建设单位不得以未完成决算审计为由，拒绝或拖延办理工程结算和工程款支付。”
李泽坦言，上述通知在实际执行中并未完全到位。不少重点项目在年前完工，却一定要等第二年后半年审计出来，才支付工程款。
吉林某施工企业负责人戴明明反映，发包单位未实施履约担保，是工程款被拖欠的原因之一。《住房和城乡建设部等部门关于加快推进房屋建筑和市政基础设施工程实行工程担保制度的指导意见》明确，招标人要求中标人提供履约担保的，应当同时向中标人提供工程款支付担保。
“施工企业的履约担保早就实现了，但发包方处于强势地位，有时并未提供工程款支付担保。”戴明明说，不能片面强调施工企业的履约，而不强调甲方履约，希望尽早推动建设单位实施履约保函。
讨薪不止一条路，援助不止一群人
在江西省南昌市总工会职工服务中心，公益律师王惠几乎每天都要处理农民工讨薪案件。到目前为止，已累计为农民工追回了数千万元欠薪。
尽管经验丰富，但这位公益律师也有无力的时候。有些农民工找到她，说自己被拖欠多少工资，但手上没有证据，甚至连工地出入证都没有。还有的农民工尽管手上有欠条，但打欠条的人没有注明身份证号，也影响律师援助。
农民工讨薪时口说无“凭”，或举证苍白，也是造成劳动监察部门追讨难的主要原因之一。基层办案人员坦言，反映诉求时往往只有一张欠条、一个电话号码，加大了办案难度。
除了农民工自身增加法律意识，受访业内人士还给出了如下建议。
——签署正规劳动合同。周敏说，部分用人单位为了规避社保等用工成本，会避签劳动合同。与此同时，一些年纪偏大的农民工，文化水平较低，不识字或看不懂劳动合同，怕上当受骗而不愿签订劳动合同。
宁夏石嘴山市大武口区劳动保障监察执法局办案人员杨旭东建议，督促劳动者签订劳动合同，增强及时止损的意识。只要第一个月不按时发工资，就要第一时间寻求诉讼或投诉等渠道，不要放任欠薪现象从小变大。
——用人单位保证资金充足再开工，依法依规进行用工管理。周敏表示，施工总承包单位应当按照有关规定存储工资保证金，专项用于支付为所承包工程提供劳动的农民工被拖欠的工资，应该加强对建设单位的资金监管。
——The competent departments perform their supervisory responsibilities well, and it is their responsibility to guard the soil, to be responsible for the soil, and to be responsible for the soil.
Relevant regulations clearly stipulate that the competent departments of housing and urban-rural construction, transportation, water conservancy and other related engineering constructions perform industry supervision responsibilities according to their duties, and supervise the handling of cases of arrears of wages to migrant workers due to illegal contracting, subcontracting, affiliation, and arrears of project payments.
Some grass-roots case investigators said that some industry authorities still lack supervision, and illegal subcontracting and subcontracting can still be found during case handling. However, these labor inspection departments cannot intervene in supervision in the early stage, and can only clean up the "mess" in the later stage.
It is recommended that the competent industry authorities strictly implement access or approval standards, prohibit construction or construction units from subcontracting their main business, and maintain the order of the construction market.
Wang Hui often mentions a case of salary demands: Two years ago, a migrant worker with an IOU passed by the Nanchang Federation of Trade Unions Employee Service Center, and with the mentality of giving it a try, walked into her office to ask for help.
"He and two other workers were owed more than 30,000 yuan in total, and there is sufficient evidence." Wang Hui recalled that when helping them to collect wages, she found that there were still three or four hundred migrant workers in the same construction site. The trade union reported that the trade union joined the labor inspection department and media organizations to help these three or four hundred people get their wages.
In the opinion of this public interest lawyer, there is more than one way for migrant workers to get their wages, and there are more than one group of people to help.
Labor inspection departments, legal aid centers, trade union organizations at all levels, and media organizations should form a joint force to jointly help migrant workers.
(At the request of the interviewee, some interviewees are pseudonyms)
(Participating in the writing: Xie Jianwen, Zheng Minghong, Lin Qiang)