46个重点城市生活垃圾分类系统基本建成，居民小区覆盖率达86.6%

　　垃圾分类，在参与中更有获得感

　　本报记者 彭训文

　　每天晚上19时，上海市静安区宝山路街道会文大楼居民张弘会提着分好类的垃圾出现在小区垃圾房门口；在北京市朝阳区汇星苑小区，居民王女士在扔垃圾时被女儿拦下，“玉米核不是厨余垃圾，是其他垃圾”；在四川省成都市金牛区汇泽社区，72岁的居民张艳每天定时到小区垃圾桶前值守，这个习惯已经保持了3年多……如今，垃圾分类正在一点点改变着中国人的生活。

　　实行垃圾分类，关系广大人民群众生活环境，关系节约使用资源，也是社会文明水平的一个重要体现。2019年，住建部、国家发改委等9部门发布《关于在全国地级及以上城市全面开展生活垃圾分类工作的通知》。随着生活垃圾分类在全国地级及以上城市启动实施，居民垃圾分类习惯加快养成。

　　如何把垃圾分类这件“关键小事”推向深入？专家表示，应进一步提升城乡生活垃圾分类和处理能力，推动更多城市基本建成生活垃圾分类处理系统，并持续增加居民的参与度和获得感。

　　“垃圾分类虽然事情很小，但要长期坚持才能做好”

　　家住北京市朝阳区汇星苑的王女士这些年生活习惯正在发生变化：每天早上8时，她拉着买菜用的帆布车出门，里面装着几个布袋，手里则提着已经分好类的厨余垃圾、其他垃圾。

　　从2020年5月1日北京实施垃圾分类新规以来，很多变化出现在人们身边。王女士居住的小区楼下有一组垃圾桶站，上面清楚地标明了垃圾分类收运公司名称、联系人、监督电话等，一拉桶盖上方吊绳，就能把垃圾投到对应的桶里。在菜市场，商户也不再免费提供一次性塑料袋。“垃圾分类虽然事情很小，但要长期坚持才能做好，现在真做起来也没有很重的负担。居住环境变好了，我觉得值。”王女士说。

　　随着垃圾分类在全国深入开展，首批先行先试的46个重点城市生活垃圾分类小区覆盖率已达86.6%。在上海、北京、广州、深圳等城市，居民对垃圾分类的知晓率、参与率都达到九成以上。

　　Behind the achievement is the active investment of the residents.

At 7 a.m., Zhang Yan, a 72-year-old resident of Huize Community in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, and other volunteers appeared at the trash can station in the community on time.

Wearing red armbands on their arms, when they saw someone walking with garbage bags, they stepped forward to take a look, and euphemistically "nag" a few words with the residents who had not properly sorted them, and then set out to help sort them out.

　　This community with a permanent population of more than 23,000 is a newly merged community, and waste management used to be a major problem.

In 2019, Zhang Yan, who had been retired for many years, and several neighbors set up an environmental protection volunteer team with the support of the community.

When they were on duty in front of the barrel, they also encountered difficulties.

"Some residents scolded us for being dirty and stinky, and everyone encouraged each other, 'We have stinky hands and not stinky hearts'. Slowly, the residents stopped sarcasm and ridicule, and more and more consciously classified." Zhang Yan said.

　　Door-to-door promotion of garbage sorting knowledge, front-loading of bins, and monthly "community cleaning days"... Volunteers are not paid or paid, but under the leadership of Zhang Yan, more and more activities are carried out, and the number of volunteers has increased to more than 50 name.

　　Due to the different degrees of residents' participation, many models of garbage classification have been formed in various places.

In some places, the "three determinations and one supervision" model is implemented, and the supervisors and volunteers guide the residents to classify and dispose of garbage through regular fixed points, such as Beijing, Guangzhou, etc.; , through the removal of trash cans, residents put garbage at regular and fixed points, and use software and hardware such as intelligent sorting boxes, electronic scales, point exchange all-in-one machines, and sorting inspection applets to understand the sorting situation, such as Shanghai, Xiamen, etc.; Different characteristics apply a variety of classification modes, such as Suzhou...

　　"In recent years, my country has accelerated the implementation of the garbage classification system, and initially formed a garbage classification system based on the rule of law, promoted by the government, participated by the whole people, coordinated urban and rural areas, and adapted to local conditions." said Xu Haiyun, chief engineer of China Urban Construction Research Institute Co., Ltd.

　　"Let residents see the effectiveness of waste sorting in real time"

　　Garbage classification is a systematic project involving the steps of putting, collecting, transporting, and disposing.

When the front-end is consciously classified, how to ensure that the back-end is also classified, transported and disposed of?

　　The Xujiahui operation team of Shanghai Sunshine Environmental Cleaning Service Co., Ltd. undertakes the task of collecting and transporting garbage in Xujiahui area.

"Do not classify, do not accept and transport" is the criterion for the team's staff to collect and transport garbage.

On the mobile phone of He Jun, assistant to the captain of the Xujiahui operation team, an app called "Shanghai Classification Quality Online" can see the data of all points.

He said that when collecting and transporting garbage, once the quality of the garbage is found to be unqualified, the collecting and transporting personnel will take photos and collect evidence and report it to the platform.

The APP cooperates with multiple departments such as streets, property, urban management, greening and city appearance and pushes unqualified reports. If the community fails 7 times in a row and the unit fails 3 times in a row, the sanitation will issue a notice of refusal to clear and stop the operation.

The operation team's garbage removal vehicle is also equipped with a vehicle-mounted metering system, and the weight of garbage collected and transported by the vehicle can be simultaneously fed back to the smart display screen of the community garbage room.

"This is to allow residents to see the effectiveness of garbage sorting in real time." He Jun said.

　　Different types of garbage have different collection, transportation and disposal methods.

In Shanghai, dry garbage is transported directly, collected by compressed trucks, and then transported by small compression stations; wet garbage is directly transported or transported by exchanging buckets and compressed trucks; recyclables are recycled through service points; hazardous wastes are First put them in the temporary storage yard, and then transport them to the sorting center for processing.

Shenzhen and other places follow the strategy of "big diversion and sub-classification" to divert large and relatively concentrated kitchen waste, fruit and vegetable waste, and greening waste; household kitchen waste, waste furniture, waste fabrics and harmful Garbage is sub-classified and transported by special vehicles and treated separately.

　　When the various links of garbage classification are smoothly connected in series, the initial effect is shown.

Statistics show that the current national garbage collection and transportation capacity is about 500,000 tons per day, and the average recycling rate of domestic garbage in 46 key cities is 30.4%.

　　However, in the process of garbage classification, some problems still exist.

For example, how to classify waste according to local conditions, how to avoid rushing for success, and how to solve the problem of cost and expenses still need to be continuously explored.

Xu Haiyun believes that although the 46 key cities that are piloted and piloted only account for about 7% of the number of cities in the country, their driving role and demonstration significance are very strong.

　　"From the current practice of garbage classification in various places, the focus is to improve the collection and utilization of recyclables. The difficulty is to improve the collection, treatment and utilization of kitchen waste, and the blocking point is to improve the collection and treatment of harmful garbage. The connection between the classification of recyclables and the recycling of renewable resources should be The cost and cost should be fully considered; the connection between the classified collection of kitchen waste and the utilization of biomass resources should take into account the market demand; the connection between the classified collection of hazardous waste and the treatment of hazardous waste should be precise and efficient." Xu Haiyun said.

　　Some people in the industry believe that the current garbage classification in rural areas needs to be deepened, and some cities need to strengthen the supervision of all aspects of garbage classification.

　　"Achieving Self-Management in Community Governance of Co-consultation, Co-construction and Sharing"

　　"It's 60 degrees, the baby's home is really warm!" On January 15, more than 100 students from the No. 2 Experimental Primary School in Chengyang District, Qingdao City, Shandong Province visited the community kitchen waste composting training and promotion center in Shundeju Community. , when he saw the thermometer reading in the compost bin, he had a lively discussion.

　　Xu Jin, director of the community kitchen waste composting center, explained: "Kitchen waste plus broken green waste composting is imitating the process of nature's green cycle, decomposing the organic matter of kitchen waste through magical microorganisms, turning it into fertile soil and returning to the soil. .” During the activity, the children obtained waste sorting and throwing cards made by Hi-Chuang Zhibang Company, and in the next two months, they needed to record the household waste sorting behavior in exchange for Haier’s preferential cleaning service for home appliances.

　　Pushing community composting isn't easy.

According to the introduction of section chief Qiu Ningde of Chengyang District Waste Classification Office, the district invited environmental compost experts and social workers in Qingdao to provide guidance to formulate a scientific raw material ratio plan, which was ultimately successful under the promotion of the property management company.

"Composting has turned kitchen waste into a usable resource, the community garden is beautiful, and the residents have also received flower seedlings raised from the compost soil. The rate of kitchen waste separation and the enthusiasm for participating in waste sorting have been greatly improved." Qiu Ningde said.

　　According to relevant plans, by 2025, the scope of the construction of the domestic waste classification and treatment system will be expanded from the current 46 key cities to cities at the prefecture level and above nationwide, and the domestic waste classification collection and transportation capacity will be increased from the current about 500,000 tons per day. to about 700,000 tons/day.

The higher goals for the classification and treatment of domestic waste require all parties to carry out more innovative practices.

　　Social organizations have a unique role in mobilizing the public to participate in waste sorting.

Tao Chuanjin, a professor at the School of Social Development and Public Policy of Beijing Normal University, said that the community can support social organizations to carry out community composting, build balcony gardens, and set up volunteer teams, so that residents can see the value of garbage sorting, and can also promote social management such as property companies. Join forces to complete the market operation.

"When all parties find a balance of interests, they can achieve self-management in the community governance of joint consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits."

　　Some people who are enthusiastic about waste reduction advocate a healthier and more environmentally friendly lifestyle.

Every weekend, the organic farmers' market in Sanyuanqiao, Beijing is lively.

Here, consumers can buy vegetables, fruits and other agricultural products that do not use pesticides or fertilizers from dozens of farmers. The provided soy sauce, glutinous rice grains, soy milk, bread, etc. require customers to bring their own containers or cloth bags "in bulk". Carry out activities such as exchange of idle goods, recycling of recyclables, "new life of old things", and online training on vegetable planting.

　　"We want to advocate a more environmentally friendly lifestyle, which requires more participation, change and action," said Tara, a worker at the Beijing Organic Farmers Market.