2020 vocational education year-
Are you ready to be the "protagonist" without being a "backdrop"?
Editor's note
Nowadays, technical talents are not only highly sought after in the job market, but also respected by the society. The stories and spirit of craftsmen from great countries are widely spread, which is the most vivid proof.
This has also prompted the whole society to re-examine the development and future of vocational education and begin to attach importance to the value of vocational education.
In 2020, vocational education enters a new stage of improving quality and training excellence. It will leave the long-term obscured supporting role position. Like a spotlight's pursuit of a brilliant protagonist on the stage, it has received widespread attention from the whole society.
While ushering in unprecedented development opportunities, vocational education is also facing a series of challenges: employment under the influence of the epidemic, the arduous task of expanding enrollment by 2 million, the training of new skills and talents can not keep up, and the transformation of school running mode to type education. Difficulties are all slopes that must be climbed, hurdles to pass.
In the past year, how did these difficult questions have been answered? It is worth taking an inventory and thinking further: Can the development of vocational education help workers generally achieve the training and improvement of their professional abilities?
When vocational education becomes excellent, can it alleviate the widespread education anxiety?
Under the epidemic,
Are vocational school students getting employed?
In 2020, the number of college graduates will reach a new high. Coupled with the impact of the epidemic, vocational school graduates will face challenges in employment and entrepreneurship.
Standing at the crossroads of life anxiously wait and see, can they face up to difficulties, actively prepare to turn crises into opportunities, and successfully complete the advancement from campus to workplace at the key point of life?
For many vocational school students who are about to leave school, the beginning of 2020 is bitter.
In the first quarter of last year, the epidemic brought a downturn in the economy, and a full resumption of work has not yet been achieved. Some companies have seen a significant reduction in labor demand. Even small and medium-sized enterprises that originally signed contracts after the Spring Festival have directly cancelled their intention to sign contracts, or that students cannot participate in internships on time. The phenomenon of direct breach of contract.
Offline recruitment has stagnated, and companies have turned to "cloud recruitment". However, many resumes posted have fallen into the dark.
The reduction of employment opportunities and job-obtaining channels, and the deviation of salary from expected targets, directly affects graduates’ motivation for employment and also affects the rate of signing jobs.
“A hundred copies of the resumes that have fallen into the sea have finally been settled in exchange for today’s dust.” Sun Jia is a graduate of a vocational school majoring in electronic engineering. After the outbreak, she insisted on participating in the online job fair recommended by the school every day. The company needs to improve its resume, and finally successfully signed a professional counterpart company in April.
It is precisely because of this persistence that many graduates like Sun Jia finally ushered in their own warm sun.
Facing the employment dilemma under the epidemic, graduates are trying hard to find a breakthrough.
They are not alone on the way to find a job. Those who worry about them and actively find ways to recommend internships and job opportunities, as well as the schools and teachers behind them.
"Using all the strength of the school to provide services to graduates." said the person in charge of Sichuan Vocational College of Science and Technology.
The college had more than 5,200 fresh graduates last year. The college took the initiative to contact more than 1,000 companies. They also promoted the integration of production and education to run schools, relying on the large demand for talents from cooperative companies, and finally obtained satisfactory employment data.
"We are using the strength of the enrollment work to do employment work, from top to bottom, all employees are busy getting jobs." Zhejiang Vocational College of Tourism was still in single digits before March 4, and the teachers of the college were constantly working from morning to night. Send text messages and phone calls to more than 3,000 companies and employers and invite them to participate in online job fairs.
The trend of the school’s monthly statistics has also been rising, and teachers’ concerns have gradually become gratifying: the employment rate has risen from 6% in April to 70% in May, and eventually exceeded 95%.
In 2020, the state will make the employment of college graduates the top priority of employment.
The Ministry of Education launched the "National Online Joint Recruitment for College Graduates in 2020-24365 Campus Recruitment Service" activity to provide online campus recruitment 24 hours a day and 365 days a year; multiple departments have introduced more than 40 policies and measures to promote graduate employment and entrepreneurship In order to encourage grassroots employment, policies have been introduced to expand the recruitment scale of the "Special Post Program", "Three Supports and One Support", and expand urban and rural communities and grassroots medical jobs.
In order to expand the supply of jobs, policies have been introduced to increase the scale of graduate recruitment by civil servants, institutions, and state-owned enterprises, and to support new forms of employment.
Heart-warming policies such as granting job hunting and entrepreneurship subsidies to difficult graduates have frequently been issued in various regions, which to a certain extent creates a relaxed employment environment for vocational school graduates.
In 2020, college graduates will once again usher in a large-scale expansion of enrollment, mainly to increase the number of vocational undergraduates and applied undergraduates, and to prefer preventive medicine, emergency management, elderly service management, e-commerce and other majors.
Under the favorable policies, more than 300,000 students have chosen to upgrade to a bachelor's degree and continue their studies.
Although the employment season under the epidemic is a bit more difficult than before, it also provides useful enlightenment for the development of vocational education.
Because some vocational colleges have a solid foundation for school-enterprise cooperation, even if they are plagued by the epidemic for a short period of time, they still have "good jobs" in the end.
The employment rate of the 2020 junior college graduates of Shenzhen Vocational and Technical College reached 96.97%, and more than 10% of the students were employed by Huawei, Tencent, BYD, ZTE, Foxconn and other well-known companies.
The person in charge of the school said that over the years, the school has been vigorously promoting the integration of professional groups and industries, including establishing special industry colleges with leading companies to achieve dual education.
Resonating with industrial development and social demand at the same frequency is the key to maintaining high-level employment.
The employment of vocational school students is important because behind it is the overall situation of "stabilizing employment" at the national macro level, the need for the future development of vocational education, and the future of a family. More than 70% of vocational college students come from rural areas. Thousands of families have realized their dream of having the first generation of college students through vocational education.
Employment is especially important for graduates from poor families. Perhaps no one can feel the weight and hope contained in the phrase "one person is employed, the whole family gets rid of poverty" more than them.
Expanded enrollment by 2 million,
Is this answer completed?
Enrollment expansion has been the key word for higher vocational development in the past two years.
In 2019, a total of 1.16 million people were enrolled in higher vocational colleges nationwide, and the task of enrolling one million was overfulfilled.
In 2020, for the 1,423 vocational colleges in my country, no matter from which perspective, expanding the enrollment by 2 million will not be an easy task.
In the face of difficulties and challenges, how should local and higher vocational colleges respond?
In the first year of the expansion of one million enrollment, there were about 520,000 "non-traditional students", accounting for about half of the total enrollment expansion.
In 2020, the country and the local government will further release the bonus of enrollment expansion. Retired military personnel, laid-off and unemployed, migrant workers, high-quality farmers, and employees of in-service enterprises will be included in the expansion of enrollment, and the source of students will be more diversified.
In order to complete the task of enrollment expansion, from the local government to higher vocational colleges, they used eighteen martial arts.
In 2020, Chizhou, Anhui Province, allocated 2500 people for expansion, and finally recruited 2868 people.
In order to accomplish this task, many vocational school teachers went to villages and towns to launch and organize various registration work. The civil affairs department provided subsidies to nursing staff who participated in the expansion, and formulated tuition reductions and subsidies for retired military enrollment.
In order to expand the recruitment channels, Beijing Industrial Vocational and Technical College has contacted some large enterprises to recruit students mainly for skilled workers. Without breaking the normal work rhythm, the teaching time, place and method are customized to attract them to study.
Inner Mongolia Vocational College of Chemical Technology and Ningbo Vocational College of Clothing have gone deep into the corporate industry and adopted "one enterprise, one policy" to mobilize corporate resources.
There are also some local education administrative departments that have relaxed the restrictions on enrolling household registration, creating convenience for social students to apply for entrance examinations nearby; increasing financial subsidies for migrant workers, laid-off and unemployed people, exempting all or part of tuition fees for those with outstanding vocational skills...
With the joint efforts of many parties, the 2 million enrollment expansion in 2020 has come to an end.
In December last year, the relevant person in charge of the Ministry of Education said when talking about the 2 million enrollment expansion for higher vocational education: "This year's higher vocational enrollment work is progressing relatively smoothly."
However, the expansion of enrollment is not only to complete the task of numbers, but to achieve quality expansion is the ultimate goal.
Significant changes in the student source structure and diversification of student needs have forced higher vocational education reforms.
How to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, so that more workers can develop skills and get a good job, so that the students who come with enthusiasm can return with full satisfaction?
Become the thinking of many higher vocational colleges.
"Teacher, you see this gas station always has this problem when filing taxes..."
"We grow high-quality rice, but why does the market sales always fail to improve?"
This is a problem encountered by the teachers of Harbin Vocational and Technical College when teaching the students of the expanded class.
For enrolled students who have left the classroom for many years, their rich social experience will cause many new problems like this when they collide with book knowledge.
These problems cannot be raised by full-time students, but they are indeed urgently needed.
In the past year, the Ministry of Education has analyzed the education and teaching situation of higher vocational colleges in more than 20 provinces and cities after enrollment expansion.
Taking the opportunity of enrollment expansion, these schools have adopted a series of innovative measures in teaching management, student management, comprehensive quality of students, and the quality of talent training. They have been effective and have provided valuable experience for the reform of higher vocational education.
In order to achieve classified training and achieve quality expansion, some colleges and universities have precisely set up specialties suitable for the characteristics of the source of expanded enrollment.
For example, in accordance with the characteristics of professional farmers and rural cadres, Shaanxi Yangling Vocational and Technical College has set up agriculture-related single-recruitment majors to promote professional farmers including village cadres.
For veterans, specialties such as social work, party work, and rescue technology have been set up.
There are also some colleges and universities that focus on different career directions, formulate talent training programs, provide personalized, menu-based training methods, in order to help more social students to coordinate the relationship between study, work, and family, adopt a flexible learning model.
In terms of cultivating social students, some higher vocational colleges have accumulated effective experience, and people look forward to turning these experiences into the common wealth of more than 1,400 higher vocational colleges as soon as possible.
While the expansion of enrollment brings opportunities for the transformation and reform of higher vocational colleges, it also brings greater challenges.
After the expansion of enrollment, the educational funds of some higher vocational colleges have become more restrictive, and the hardware conditions such as the average teaching room, floor space, dormitory, and training base for students in many colleges cannot meet the current needs.
The large teacher shortage is also a common problem faced by localities and schools. From a national perspective, 65,000 higher vocational teachers need to be supplemented every year.
In the context of the fading demographic dividend of our country, higher vocational enrollment expansion and two-year vocational skills training plans for more than 35 million person-times will help solve the problem of the shortage of highly-skilled talents and allow more people to have the opportunity to enjoy higher vocational education. , Improve the quality of workers.
From this perspective, higher vocational enrollment expansion cannot rely on the education system alone.
People expect the administrative departments at all levels to increase overall planning and coordination, provide policy and financial support, and implement the security measures for higher vocational enrollment expansion. At the same time, they also look forward to the active participation of industry enterprises and mutual benefit with higher vocational enrollment expansion.
Only with the respect and support of the whole society, those who enter the campus in a humble manner with various goals and dreams can stand on a new starting line. When they leave the campus, they will also have a hope full of hope. Start.
New business formats and new industries "call thirst",
Has talent development kept up?
The booming new business format presses the "fast forward button" of the development of my country's digital economy to inject new momentum into the economy.
The boom of new business formats has given birth to a number of new occupations. Since 2019, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and other departments have successively released 38 new occupations, opening up more employment space for workers.
However, in response to the booming industry development, there is a huge talent gap in many emerging industries.
In 2020, in the face of the propositions of talent training brought by new formats and occupations, how do vocational colleges, which are the cradle of skilled talent training, answer?
In the past year, many vocational colleges focused on and matched the new demands of new professions in terms of professional construction, education and teaching reform, and accurately upgraded their professions.
At the beginning of 2020, the list of higher vocational majors filed by the education administration department was released. Some majors have been "eliminated" with the changes of the times, and some majors will become the new darlings of higher vocational development.
Among them, there are 3807 newly registered majors, involving 351 majors, closely following the new needs and new business formats emerging from the country’s economic and social development. Among the top ten, hundreds of colleges and universities have newly established cross-border e-commerce majors and artificial intelligence. Major in technical service, big data technology and application, virtual reality application technology, etc.
This is the change of the entire vocational education map. If you carefully observe the dots, you can see the efforts that a school has put into it.
As the first pilot city of "Made in China 2025", Ningbo started machine substitution a few years ago, which prompted positive changes in local vocational education.
Ningbo Vocational and Technical College formally established the Sino-German Intelligent Manufacturing College, established the robotics major, introduced the German dual education model, and cooperated with the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology team to carry out the reform of intelligent manufacturing products, equipment research and development and talent training models.
In 2020, after several seminars, Chongqing Transportation Vocational College cancelled majors that are not closely connected with the industry, such as automobile marketing and service, product art design, and added "smart transportation", "big data technology application", and "community management and service". The society is in urgent need of emerging professions.
The school's small goal is, "No matter how fast the industry develops, students will not be out of touch with it."
"If I go to Shanghai, I'm going to see Li Jiaqi." In a vocational education forum last May, Lu Xin, the president of the Chinese Vocational and Technical Education Association and the former vice minister of the Ministry of Education, said these words, which represent the embrace of the vocational education sector. The urgency of new business formats and new industries.
"To run vocational education, we must start from the needs of the entire industry for talents and technology, think about how to run education, so as not to lag behind the industry, cultivate talents that meet the needs of the market and industry, and even play a leading role." A vocational college The leader's words express the in-depth thinking of educators on the level of cultivating talents facing the new economic format.
The training of new professional talents puts forward higher requirements for school-enterprise cooperation and integration of production and education.
In 2020, in Shandong, Zhejiang, Fujian and other provinces, vocational schools will build vocational education alliances with enterprises and industry associations to benchmark the new technologies, new processes, and new standards of high-end equipment manufacturing.
There are also many companies and Internet platforms that are closely related to new business types and occupations, and vocational colleges are combined to build a new training model based on intelligent and digital platforms.
2020 is the year when vocational education responds to the needs of new technologies, new economies and new formats, and actively carries out professional adjustments and reforms in education and teaching methods.
However, vocational education does not passively respond to industry needs, and has been helping the growth of new economic and new formats.
Let's set our sights on a robot manufacturing workshop in Anhui: In an ordinary working day in 2020, 12 members of the team are busy on 4 operation stations, and they have to assemble nearly 200 large and small parts on each operation station. Into a complete robot body.
More than half of these 12 workers come from vocational colleges.
Data show that from January to October last year, the output of industrial robots was 183,400, an increase of 21% year-on-year.
Among them is the contribution of vocational college graduates.
In December 2020, a set of data released by the Ministry of Education showed that in the fields of modern manufacturing, strategic emerging industries and modern service industries, more than 70% of the new front-line employees come from vocational college graduates.
The professional setting of vocational colleges grows in the development of technological industry, regulates in growth, and leads in the norm.
However, there are still many difficulties in the training of talents in vocational schools: problems such as unsystematic, unconnected, unmatched, and unmodern professional construction are prominent. For example, the matching degree between the nine professions and majors of the Industrial Internet is less than 40%.
The principal of a vocational college in Rizhao said, “Departments like industrial robots, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, etc., although they are very concerned and plan to open them, the predicament is the lack of teachers and the support of related companies.” Many third- and fourth-tier cities Of vocational schools have encountered similar difficulties.
In addition, many vocational schools have added new majors one after another, but the newly added majors are too concentrated; the students' learning is obviously lagging behind the first-line demand of enterprises; the level of teachers cannot keep up with the pace of industrial upgrading, and problems such as insufficient incentive mechanisms need to be solved urgently.
In order to accurately bridge the gap of new professional talents, vocational colleges are committed to finding the right coordinates, professional upgrading and digital transformation.
People expect that vocational education schools, Internet platforms, enterprises and other diverse entities will jointly build a new ecology of integration of production and education, and provide better soil for the growth of new occupations, thereby driving more workers to adopt a more calm attitude and better skills. Embrace new formats.
Serve lifelong learning,
Did the vocational school break the "wall"?
In the past year, strengthening openness and service, taking the initiative to open the doors of schools, tearing down walls, and actively developing vocational education for the whole people is becoming a new trend in the development of vocational education.
The "National Vocational Education Reform Implementation Plan" clearly stated that "Vocational education and general education are two different types of education and have the same important status." It is officially confirmed that vocational education is a separate type of education in our education system.
What are the type characteristics of vocational and technical education?
The Ministry of Education gave an explanation: it is a kind of lifelong education for everyone, employment education for the market, practical education for ability, and cross-border education for society.
In October 2020, nine departments including the Ministry of Education, the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Finance issued the Action Plan for Quality Improvement and Training of Vocational Education (2020-2023), which transformed the reform tasks deployed by the “20 Vocational Education Points” into measures and action.
In terms of serving lifelong learning for all, the Action Plan proposes to give full play to the important role of vocational education in serving lifelong learning for all, promote the construction of the national qualifications framework, and establish mechanisms for the identification, accumulation and conversion of learning achievements of all types of education and training at all levels.
On how to achieve this goal, the Action Plan focuses on three tasks: First, improve the vocational education system that serves lifelong learning for all people, and accelerate the construction of a national “credit bank” for vocational education.
The second is to promote both academic education and vocational training, promote more vocational schools to participate in the implementation of the 1+X certificate system, and guide vocational schools and leading enterprises to jointly build a number of exemplary employee training bases.
The third is to strengthen the continuing education function of vocational schools.
This series of measures means that the structure of the vocational education population may undergo substantial changes, and more and more social workers are receiving vocational education, which is gradually becoming a reality.
Recently, the Beijing Credit Bank was launched, once again bringing the concept of "credit bank" into the public eye.
The so-called credit bank refers to the functions and characteristics of banks, opens accounts for learners, and recognizes, stores, and converts learning results from different channels in the form of credits.
At present, Beijing Credit Bank is the first to carry out pilot projects in vocational education and adult education in Beijing.
At present, a total of 16 provinces and municipalities across the country have carried out the construction of credit banks. Practice has shown that credit banks have better promoted school-enterprise integration, industry-education integration, and helped build horizontal, vertical, open and flexible lifelong learning "overpasses". .
In 2020, in order to serve the lifelong learning of the whole people, vocational education is seeking transformation and breakthrough.
In 2019, the Ministry of Education approved the first batch of 16 vocational skill level certificates to participate in the 1+X certificate system pilot. In 2020, three batches of vocational education training evaluation organizations and the list of vocational skill level certificates will be announced. This spring semester will begin Carry out the fourth batch of pilot work in an all-round way.
In the past year, many vocational schools have carried out 1+X vocational skill level certificate exams, which emphasized both academic education and skills training, actively promoted the integration of documents and certificates, and strived to cultivate more excellent composite skills talents.
This is also an important step taken by vocational education to serve lifelong learning for all.
In addition to participating in the construction of the credit bank and the pilot implementation of the 1+X certificate system, many vocational schools have gone out to provide online and offline continuing education and training services for corporate employees.
Social vocational training not only helps social workers improve their technical level and professional quality, but also allows schools to tear down the "wall", establish closer cooperative relations with enterprises, realize economic income generation, and provide financial support for further development.
For example, the scale of employee training undertaken by Chongqing Public Transport Vocational College has been expanding year by year, and the share has increased year by year. The training income has increased from several hundred thousand yuan in previous years to 20 million yuan in 2019. In 2020, under the impact of the epidemic, the overall training income will return More than 14 million yuan.
In Guangzhou, even more vocational schools earn 100 million yuan a year through employee training.
The construction of a modern vocational education system requires both vertical and horizontal integration.
In terms of horizontal integration, vocational training is widely carried out for school students and members of society, and the connection between academic education and non-academic training is the direction of vocational colleges’ efforts.
Last year, many enterprises in Zhejiang cooperated with vocational colleges to set up full-time enterprise classes on the "dual system".
Student enrollment, teaching implementation, process management, and performance evaluation all need to be customized according to the actual production needs of the company, so that both parties can share resources while highlighting the company's main employment status.
Vocational colleges have taken a new path in exploring new school-running models, and have also "incubated" a large number of high-end skilled talents for many small and medium-sized enterprises.
There are also some attempts to build a new mode of integration of industry and education with cities as nodes, industries as fulcrums, and enterprises as the focus.
Vocational colleges are changing the traditional teaching model in the past, transitioning from a single degree education to lifelong education. When vocational education is pursuing a higher level of opening up and continuously integrating with society, how to make the vocational college education system meet the actual needs of society becomes An unsolved proposition for the future development of vocational education.
Based on type education, vocational education occupies an increasingly important position in the national talent training system.
People expect that vocational education truly breaks the "wall", discovers its potential and demonstrates its value based on the characteristics of the educated, and helps workers to achieve the training and improvement of professional abilities, not only to achieve personal development, but also to enhance the human capital level of the entire society .
Reporter: Yu Zhongning