The film and television image of Xiong Wencan.
□Zhao Yongkang
From the official Xiong Wencan to the Chongzhen dynasty of the Ming Dynasty, he was the Shangshu and the right deputy capital of the military department.
"History of the Ming Dynasty" believes: "The gangsters are poisonous, and the disaster begins with Yang He, from Chen Qiyu and from Xiong Wencan and Ding Qirui.... The battlefield is to punish the obedient party, and the temple is to improperly reward and punish. Rizhang.” This finally led to the demise of the Ming Dynasty.
This argument is unfair.
A single tree is difficult to support a building.
When Xiong Wencan was ordered to run out of wealth and the people, and the world was in a raging crisis, it was difficult to implement the payment and increase of troops. More than 600,000 military payments were not in place; the soldiers were arrogant and the veteran generals were domineering and refused to obey orders. ) The battle was not going well.
With many factors superimposed, Xiong Wencan tried his best to remedy it, but there was no alternative.
It would be wrong to blame him for the famine.
Tomb of Xiong Wencan.
(2010 Book and Shadow of "Reconstruction of the Xiong Clan Genealogy" in Yunjin Town, Lu County)
Controversy
Put down the pirates and surrender Zhang Xianzhong to kill him
Xiong Wencan, whose name is Dameng, was born in Yongning, Guizhou, and was born in Luzhou, Sichuan.
In the thirty-fourth year of Ming Shenzong Wanli (1606), Yongning Wei Xueju was the second person in the Guizhou Provincial Examination.
In the thirty-five years of Wanli, he became the third and the 74th (the 148th in total), was awarded the promotion officer of Huangzhou, Huguang (now Huangzhou District, Huanggang City, Hubei Province), and was appointed as the chief of the Fine Food Department of the Ministry of Rites; Wanli In forty-seven years, he was promoted to Wailang, a member of the ritual system of the headquarters; in the first year of Taichang of Emperor Guangzong of the Ming Dynasty (1620), he was promoted to priest and Langzhong.
"History of the Ming Dynasty" stated that he "returned to the Ryukyu after he was out of the Ryukyu Kingdom, and left Shandong to participate in politics, Shanxi presses the chaser, and Shandong right governor. Worry home. He moved to Qishui (now Xishui County, Huanggang City, Hubei Province). The first year of Chongzhen ( In 1628), he started as the governor of Fujian Zuo; in March, he worshiped the Imperial Capital of You, and governed the land. In February of the five years, he was the Imperial Secretary of the War Department and the Imperial Capital of You, the governor of the military affairs of Guangdong and Guangxi. "
At that time, the Ming dynasty faced a very bad situation: outside Shanhaiguan, the Manchurians watched the killer; the Li Zicheng and Zhang Xianzhong uprisings were full of starving people; at sea, there were many pirates, red-haired (Portuguese) and Japanese pirates.
Xiong Wencan took office in Fujian in this situation.
In Fujian and Guangdong and Guangxi, he successfully recruited the pirate Zheng Zhilong and appointed him as a guerrilla general. That is, he led the old ministry to annihilate the pirates Liu Liu, Liu Qi, Li Kuiqi, and Zhong Bin.
He also commanded officers and soldiers from Fujian and Guangdong provinces to attack Liu Xiang, who colluded with the red hair to harm the people and even detained the imperial court official.
Liu Xiang was defeated and burned to death by drowning himself. More than a thousand people from the Yu Dang surrendered to the Zhejiang government.
After 8 years of hard work, the pirates were flat, and the red hairs and Japanese pirates disappeared for a while.
"History of Ming Dynasty" made unfair evaluations of Xiong Wencan. Even if it was meritorious, it did not praise him, and to ask him to "run a thief", it was even more different. Treasures meet Chinese and foreign powers, and make a long town in Lingnan. The Hui Emperor suspects that Liu Xiang is not dead and does not know Wen Can as a person. He sends the Chinese envoy to Guangxi to purchase the name. On the tenth day. The envoy was happy, and the language and the Central Plains invaders were in chaos. Wen Can Fang Zhongjiu, attacked the case and scolded: "The ministers have missed the ears of the country. If Wen Can goes, it will be great to make the rat generation." The envoy stood up and said:' I have to go to Guangxi to buy it, and I will give my name to the public. The public trust has the talents of the world, but the non-public is not enough to handle this thief. "Wen Can is surprised, regrets the failure, and has five difficulties and four things. The envoy said: "I see above. If you ask yourself, if you are not stingy, you will not be able to resign. “Wen Can remarks poorly and should say: “Promise”.” He said nothing.
In the tenth year of Chongzhen in the Ming Dynasty (1637), the hungry people rose rapidly. Cabinet minister Yang Sichang established the policy of "four positives and six corners". Regardless of the people's life and death, he increased his troops by 120,000 and dispatched 2.8 million yuan in silver. Huguang and Jiangbei are the Sizheng, and the four governors divide and suppress and fight; Yansui, Shanxi, Shandong, Jiangnan, Jiangxi, and Sichuan are the six corners, and the six governors divide the defense and cooperate with each other. It is a net of ten sides. The two ministers of the prime minister will follow the thieves' request to conquer the people" to fight the hungry.
It’s April of the year, Ren Yin, recommended by Yang Sichang, Xiong Wencan was appointed as the "Prime Minister of Nanjing (Nanzhili), Henan, Shan (West), Shan (West), (Four) Sichuan , Hu (Guangzhou provinces) military affairs, stationed in Yunyang (Xiangyang, Hubei) to discuss thieves".
"In the Ming Dynasty, the scholar-doctor asked Qian Gu if he didn't know, and Jiabing didn't know." Xiong Wencan was a capable minister.
He noticed that the so-called "little thieves" were actually just hungry people who took risks.
The common people can’t get enough to eat, and if you do whatever you want, it will only kill more and more.
Judging the situation, he decided to focus on recruiting and facilitating, and to follow up with the suppression office. He successfully recruited Zhang Xianzhong, Luo Rucai, Li Wanqing, Liu Guoneng and other "traversals."
Regardless of whether these people surrendered or falsely surrendered, this move was finally led by the mobile peasant army to turn to the exhausted officers and soldiers, and for the precarious central dynasty, they won respite and a chance to rest.
However, due to various economic and political reasons at the time, coupled with Emperor Chongzhen's self-control and decision-making errors, the Ming Dynasty failed to seize this opportunity.
In the twelfth year of Chongzhen (1639), in May Yichou, Zhang Xianzhong made a comeback in Gucheng East Mountain, and the swarms of drones responded. In the autumn and July, "Zuo Liangyu challenged Zhang Xianzhong and lost to Luohou Mountain, and the general army officer Luo Dai was executed. Of".
"When the book was defeated, the emperor was shocked, and the emperor arrested Wencan. The special order (Yang) Sichang governor... arrived in Xiangyang on September 29th, entered the Wencan army, and Wencan was arrested", 13th year of Chongzhen ( 1640) "Guichou in Winter October, Xiong Wencan abandoned the market".
Why are the merits and demerits vague?
"History of the Ming Dynasty" did not study Xiong Wencan enough, not to mention his political achievements, merits and demerits, and even his transfer and promotion situation was not clear.
"History of Ming Dynasty" stated that in the fourth year of Chongzhen (1631), the Ming Dynasty sent an envoy to Ryukyu to honour the new Ryukyu king who was newly enthroned.
It is also said that Xiong Wencan participated in the "Ryukyu return from the Ryukyu, and Shandong Zuo participated in politics" with the philanthropist of the Ministry of Rites.
In fact, Xiong Wencan had already been transferred from the Ministry of Rites at that time, from Shandong to Shanxi and Shandong.
Moreover, as early as the first year of Chongzhen, he had been an official in Fujian.
The inscription on the cliff of "Xiong Wencan's Hometown", a cultural relic protection unit in Luzhou City.
Photo by Yang Zezhong
Hometown Difference
A native of Yunjin Town, Lu County, naturalized Yongning for imperial examination
Xiong Wencan's birthplace is different.
In 1998, the Luzhou Municipal People's Government announced the inscription "Xiong Wencan Hometown" on the cliff in the 5th year of Qing Daoguang (1825) at Yunjin Mountain in Lu County as "Luzhou Cultural Relics Protection Unit".
Some amateur literary and historical enthusiasts in Xuyong County believe that Wanli Jiayin and Xiong Wencan "fate like Fujian" passed Yongning, and wrote "Penglai Bridge Records" saying that "the road is spinning in the road"; today, Xionggongpo outside Xuyong city is said to be Xiong Wencan's mansion; Qing Dynasty Jiaqing's "Xuyong Hall Records of Zhili Province·Election" and Qing Guangxu's "Xuyong Yongning Hall County Hezhi·Elections" both included Xiong Wencan as a native of Yongning.
So they wrote to the Luzhou Municipal Bureau of Cultural Relics, requesting that the Luzhou Municipal People’s Government announce in 1998 the document that the Luzhou Municipal People’s Government announced in 1998 that the inscription "Xiong Wencan's Hometown" was the "Luzhou Cultural Relics Conservation Unit" at the bottom of Daoguang Mountain in Lu County, and declared that Xiong Wencan is Yongning (now Xuyong County) people.
In addition, "Ming History" volume 260 "Xiong Wencan Biography": "Xiong Wencan, Guizhou Yongning Weiren." Qing Shunzhi Dynasty Guozijian Jijiu Wu Weiye "Suikou Jilue": "Xiong Wencan, Guizhou Luzhou." Qing Qianlong "Guangdong" "General History" Volume 27 "Professional Officer": "Governor Xiong Wencan, a native of Lujiang Prefecture, Guizhou." Qianlong "Fujian General History" Volume 21 "Professional Officer Headquarters": "The Imperial History of the Governor...Xiong Wencan, a native of Luzhou."
There are different opinions.
Over the past years, he has studied history and field surveys, and proved that he is a native of Luzhou, Sichuan (now Yunjin Town, Lu County), who was born in Yongning Weijun, Guizhou.
"Guardian" was a local military administrative agency created in the Ming Dynasty. "It is a key area, where one county will set up a post, and even one county will set up a guard. A large number of 5,600 people serve as guards... all of its troops are from the world."
Only the official to the Ministry of War is exempted from military status.
The soldiers of the guard station have nothing to do with farming, and the ministers are transferred out.
Domestic households are subject to the jurisdiction of the health center, not to the state or county.
Yongningwei was subordinate to Guizhou, and its governing office was located in Xicheng, Xuyong County, Luzhou City. It was governed in the same city as the Yongning Xuanfu Division (Tusi), which was located in Xuyong Dongcheng and under the jurisdiction of Sichuan.
In the Ming Dynasty, the admission standard for imperial examinations in Guizhou was lower than that in Sichuan.
"In the 16th year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1537), Guizhou opened a branch (take scholars)...there was no limit to its quota. From traveling in all directions, guilty students, and Confucianism, they all pretended to be in Yongning for a trial.... Shi Sunxiang asked for a ban, and the ministry replied for permission.” However, impersonation has not been eliminated. Xiong Wencan, a native of Luzhou, still succeeded in naturalizing Yongningwei and enrolling in health education because of his family's ancestors.
This fact is reflected in the "Xiong Family Tree", which is "Shi Ji Yongning".
"The Genealogy of the Bear Family" records that the tomb of Xiong Wencan is located in Xinxizi, Luzhou (now Xinxi Village, Ya Town, Lu County) "Bodaoling, with the tomb gate facing Wayaotan".
This tomb was found in 2002 by Xiong Wencai, the 23rd grandson of the Xiong clan, based on local rumors and under the guidance of the local 90-year-old Yang Yunxiang. The address, topography and topography are consistent with those recorded in the "Xiong Family Tree".
In 2009, Chen Shilin, director of the Culture and History Committee of the Luzhou CPPCC, made a field survey and visited the local elderly. He said “Xiong Wencan is the son-in-law of the Yang family in Xinxizi, and the "Yang Family Tree" contains this. They are buried here with Mrs. Yang."
Other documents also prove that Xiong Wencan is a native of Luzhou from Yongning Wei.
Zhu Baojiong and Xie Peilin compiled the "Ming and Qing Jinshi Title Steles Index": "Xiong Wencan, Yongningwei, Guizhou, Ming Wanli 35/3/74 (Luzhou, Sichuan)." According to the book, it means "Xiong Wencan, Yongningwei, Guizhou, military status, Sichuan. A native of Luzhou, he was ranked third and 74th scholar in the 35th year of Wanli Ming Dynasty."
"Wanli (Twenty-six Years Wuxu Division) [35 Years of Ding Weike] Jinshi Resume Fact Sheet": "Four people in Guizhou...one from Yongning Wei, Xiong Wencan, Xin Wen, "The Poetry" was born on March 15th , A native of Luzhou. Two candidates in the Bingwu Township Examination, one hundred and eighteen in the examination, and seventy-four in the top three."
"Guangdong Tongzhi" by Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty: "Xiong Wencan, from Lujiang Prefecture, Guizhou."
On the other hand, "History of Ming Dynasty", its statement is only a solitary evidence.
The original version of "Ming History" is Wan Sitong's "Ming History Draft".
Mr. Wan is in a commoner style, and he has heard about restrictions on his resume.
Many predecessors have revised the "History of the Ming Dynasty", and only the punctuation of the Zhonghua Book Company now has four revisions to the "Biography of Xiong Wencan".
Xiong Wencan’s household registration is “destined like Fujian” in Yongning, but of course it can be described as “conventional way in Xuanli” in his "Penglai Bridge".
The descendants of Xiong Wencan lived in Yunjin, Lu County, and their ancestry is not chaotic, and the ruins of the old residence are still there. We have reason to confirm: Xiong Wencan is a native of Yunjin Town, Lu County, who was naturalized in Yongning for the imperial examination, so he is a Luzhou native of Yongning Weijun in Guizhou.