Ji Liping
Food is food to safety first. In the old days of Beijing, who was responsible for "safety on the tip of the tongue"?
The police department is the city's "master steward"
In the 31st year of Guangxu (1905), the Qing government established a modern policing management agency in Beijing City: the General Police Department of the Inner and Outer City of the Capital, under the patrol department. Before this, Beijing had not established a modern municipal management system. After the establishment of the Patrol General Office, it became the "big steward" of Beijing City. Social security, road traffic, urban fire protection, commercial taxation, charity relief, as well as environmental cleaning, medicine, food and hygiene and other aspects of affairs are all covered in one package. . I really responded to the allegorical saying: The police in the Pacific-take care.
From 1905 to 1933, in nearly 30 years, the names of the police agencies in the Beijing area were changed several times, successively renamed the Beijing Police Department and Peking Special City Public Security Bureau; their work functions and jurisdiction also changed several times. In 1914, the Kyoto Municipal Office was established to share part of the municipal administration work of Beijing City, but the sanitary affairs such as market cleaning, medical and epidemic prevention, industrial sanitation, toilet feces, physical examination for prostitutes, etc., as well as food, drinking water and other "safety on the tongue" The affairs have always been supervised and managed "cross-border" by police agencies. In 1925, at the request of the Central Epidemic Prevention Department, the Beijing Police Department set up the first “public health office” in Beijing on the grounds of “taking local public health as the basis for epidemic prevention”, with a health department, a health care department, and an epidemic prevention department. The Department of Statistics and the Department of Statistics are more clearly and centrally responsible for various public health affairs in Beijing.
After the Nanjing National Government took over Beijing in 1928, a health bureau was set up to take charge of public health matters, but in just over a year, the health bureau was merged into the public security bureau. It was not until Yuan Liang, the new mayor of Peiping City, took office in 1933 that the department in charge of public health was gradually separated from the Public Security Bureau and managed by the Peking City Health Bureau.
"Daughters buy flies" big influence
In the summer of 1928, a novel piece of news spread in the city of Peiping. The Public Health Office of the Beijing Normal Police Department issued a notice to use cash to buy flies killed by the people. What is going on here?
It turned out that in the 1920s, Beijing had poor food hygiene management and people's hygiene concepts were not strong. Whether it is restaurants, tea houses, wine shops, or small vendors who set up street stalls, most of the food sold is open without any cover. In summer, food is often covered with flies, and there have been many public incidents of diseases caused by dietary problems. In order to improve this situation, the "Public Health Office" affiliated to the Beijing Normal Police Agency has formulated measures to prevent and eliminate flies, requiring all taverns, restaurants and food vendors in the city to use gauze covers, screen cabinets or glass cabinets to prevent flies and actively carry out Propaganda for flies and flies is to encourage everyone to work together to eliminate flies. In order to increase the effectiveness of publicity, the Public Health Institute launched this ingenious publicity campaign.
After the announcement of "buy flies for daughters" was issued, many citizens enthusiastically participated in the fight against flies. According to data records at the time, in a very short period of time, the health center "bought" 12,134,010 flies at a cost of 2018 yuan, and an average of 10,000 flies were worth nearly two oceans. This event raised the general public's awareness of the breeding of flies and bacteria, mobilized everyone's enthusiasm for flies prevention and control, and played a very good publicity effect.
Classification of water wells, waterman is certified
During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the water industry in Beijing developed slowly. By 1932, the number of water users in Beijing had just reached one-tenth. The vast majority of residents still depended on well water. Therefore, the management of well water hygiene became the Beijing Police Department. The focus of drinking water management.
At that time, no matter whether the wells in Beijing were "public wells" or "private wells", little attention was paid to the hygiene of the well water. Because some wells had not been cleaned for a long time, the water quality did not meet drinking standards. In 1917, the Beijing Police Department negotiated with the municipal office. The police department was responsible for inspecting all wells in the capital. After the inspection, the well water content was classified as "applicable", "applicable after boiling" and "not applicable". Nail the fire printed wooden sign next to it. Some wells were thrown into bricks, mud and other dirt, or due to the low head of the well and close to the toilet, which caused dirty water to flow in. The well water was contaminated. The Police Department sent personnel to carry out repairs and put high stones next to the wells to block the dirty Manhole covers should be added and protection rules should be formulated.
Many people don’t have wells near their homes, and they need to spend money to get water from the waterman. Most watermen are hard-working people from Shandong who live in the "shuijingwozi" next to the well. The water supply industry is monopolized by the Waterman's Guild. After the Capital Police Department took over the management, it strengthened the supervision of the industry, requiring all district offices to uniformly register the waterman in the administration, issue a permit after verification, and unify the water price and monitor the water quality, if encountered The user can call the police if the water husband violates the regulations.
Health promotion
At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, people generally lacked common sense of hygiene, and epidemic diseases caused by carelessness of hygiene occurred from time to time. The Beijing Police Department often carries out various activities to "enlighten people's wisdom", and pay attention to popular education in plain and easy-to-understand vernacular to change the people's bad habits of not paying attention to hygiene.
The Morning News of September 11, 1919 stated in the article "Beijing Division Police's Effective Epidemic Prevention": "Beijing police are very serious about preventing tiger epidemic (the old name of cholera), and the effect is remarkable. After the patrol officer ordered, residents did not reveal food Put it in hiding outside, and pay attention to all hygiene, so Beijing can avoid this epidemic." "Peiping Morning News" reported on January 11, 1931: Peking Special City Public Security Bureau sent Yang Shixun, head of health section to a meeting in Beiping Restaurant, and emphasized: " Catering shops have the closest relationship with the people’s lives. If the equipment is not adequate, the people will get sick more.” For this reason, the Public Security Bureau issued a sanitation notice, urging all catering shops to comply with it, avoiding accidents, and declared that since the announcement day, Send a health inspection team to inspect at any time.
While informing the public about food hygiene matters, the National Police Agency also strictly supervises food hygiene and strictly bans food that does not meet hygiene standards. For example, the Beijing Police Department has very strict hygienic requirements for soft drinks. The cleanliness of the Dutch water must be above 90 degrees. The food coloring must use fruit juice or vegetable juice, and it must be filtered before use.
A century ago, Beijing’s urban construction and food hygiene were restricted by the current situation, and it was impossible to fundamentally change the relatively backward situation, but the police agency played an active role in the supervision and management of public health.