Beijing’s “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” puts forward the development goals of building “three cultural belts”, and the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt is one of them. The Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt has extremely rich natural and human resources, and is an important part of Beijing as a historical and cultural city. The scientific research, protection and utilization of the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt will undoubtedly have important impact and far-reaching significance.
Natural and Human Resources in the Xiding Yongding River Cultural Belt
Beijing is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the mountains to the west are generally referred to as Xishan. From Guangou, Nankou, Changping, to the Fumashan Juma River, it is located at the intersection of 116 degrees east longitude and 40 degrees north latitude. It is a mountainous area on the northeastern edge of the Taihang Mountains. "Right arm".
Among them, Lingshan is the highest peak in Beijing, and it gradually descends from northwest to southeast. It is divided into four groups of mountains, namely: a group, Lingshan (located at the junction of Mentougou District in Beijing and Zhuolu and Huailai County, Hebei Province, The main peak is 2303 meters above sea level), Huangcaoliang (located in Zhaitang Town, Mentougou District, 1737 meters above sea level), Bijia Mountain (located at the junction of Mentougou District and Huailai County, Hebei Province, 1448 meters above sea level); the second group, Baihua Mountain (located in Mentougou District At the junction with Fangshan District, 1991 meters above sea level), Tiaoji Mountain (located at Yanji Town, Mentougou District, 1524 meters above sea level), Miaofeng Mountain (located at the junction of Mentougou District and Changping District, the highest peak is called Jinding, at an altitude of 1,291 meters); 3 Group, Jiulong Mountain (located in the east of Mentougou District, the main peak is 858 meters above sea level), Xiangyu Daliang (located in Junzhuang Town, Mentougou District, the main peak is 797.6 meters above sea level); Group Four, Dawajian (located between the Dashi River and Juma River in Fangshan District) Time, 1210 meters above sea level), Maoer Mountain (located in the middle of Fangshan District, the main peak of Dafang Mountain, 1370 meters above sea level). Most of the area is secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest and bushes, and artificial coniferous forests and mountain meadows are planted in local areas. The Yongding River crosses from the northwest to the southeast of the region, flows into Beijing and merges into the Haihe River, and flows into the Bohai Sea through Tianjin.
This fertile land, which includes both the mountains in the west of Beijing and the Yongding River, is the Yongding River Cultural Belt in Beijing’s Xishan District, which involves Changping, Haidian, Shijingshan, Fengtai, Mentougou, and Fangshan Districts. It is about 90 kilometers long and 60 kilometers wide. . Among them, the Miaofeng Mountain, Cuiwei Mountain, Yangtai Mountain, Shou'an Mountain, Weng Mountain and the plains in the front of the mountain (low foothills) are distributed with many human remains and places of interest. Among them, the big endian are: Zhoukoudian Beijing Ape Man Ruins, Dong Jialin The ruins of Yanzhou’s capital city in the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal gardens of “Three Mountains and Five Gardens”, temple monuments such as Yunju Temple, Reclining Buddha Temple, Badachu, Shuangqing Villa and the Chinese People’s Anti-Japanese War Memorial, etc. have important natural values and humanistic connotations.
The Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt has diverse natural ecosystems and historical and cultural attributes. In the field of humanities, there are not only world cultural heritage, but also more than 400 cultural protection units at various levels such as national, municipal and district levels. In terms of cultural types, the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt has both royal culture, religious culture, urban culture, rural culture, folk culture, and red culture with Xiangshan Shuangqing Villa and Lai Qingxuan as carriers.
Specifically, in terms of natural resources, the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt includes:
Lingshan Scenic Area. Lingshan, also known as Dongling Mountain, is known as "the roof of Beijing". Lingshan Mountain has steep peaks and endless flowers, and it combines plateau and grassland scenery. It has the reputation of "Beijing Little Tibet".
Baihua Mountain National Nature Reserve. Baihua Mountain is located on the Yanshan subsidence belt in the central part of the North China Land and Taiyuan, known as the "North China Natural Botanical Garden". In January 2008, the State Council approved Baihuashan Nature Reserve as a national nature reserve.
Jiufeng National Forest Park. Located in the northwestern part of Haidian District, AAA scenic spot and national forest park.
Baiwang Mountain Forest Park. Located in the northwestern part of Haidian District, it is the closest forest park to downtown Beijing. In 2001, it was rated as a national AAA tourist attraction.
Miaofeng Mountain Scenic Area. Located in Mentougou District, it is rich in shrubs and flowers, especially famous for thousands of acres of roses. In 2005, it was rated as a national AAA tourist attraction.
Shidu Scenic Area. Located in the southwest of Fangshan District, it is the national AAAA scenic spot and China National Geopark, with the only large-scale karst landform in northern China. On September 17, 2006, UNESCO approved this place as China Fangshan Global Geopark.
Yongding River. Originating in Shanxi, it is one of the tributaries of the Haihe River system, and the river basin spans Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Beijing, and Tianjin. The main river flowing through Beijing is 189 kilometers long. The alluvial fan of the Yongding River is one of the constituent elements of the Beijing Plain. Today, Shichahai and Beihai in the Beijing area are the remains of the ancient channel of the Yongding River.
In terms of human resources, the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt mainly includes:
Zhoukoudian Beijing Ape Man Ruins. Located in Longgu Mountain, Zhoukoudian, Fangshan District, it is an important site of the Paleolithic Age in my country, and also the site of the discovery of fossils of Ape and Shanding Caves in Beijing. The excavation began in 1927, and the first skull of the Beijing Ape was discovered in 1929, and was included in the "World Cultural Heritage List" in 1987.
The ruins of the capital city of Yan Guo in the Western Zhou Dynasty in Beijing Located in Dongjialin Village, Liulihe Town, Fangshan District, it is the seat of the capital city of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the early years and the birthplace of Beijing City. It is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
Xiangshan Park. Located at No. 40, Maijie Street, Haidian District. During the ten years of Qing Emperor Qianlong (1745), large-scale construction was carried out, and Qianlong named it "Jingyi Garden". Xiangshan Park is a national AAAA scenic spot.
Summer Palace. Located in No. 19 Gongmen Road, Haidian District. During the Ming Dynasty, Emperor Wuzong built a "Good Mountain Garden" palace. In the fifteenth year of the Qianlong reign of the Qing Dynasty (1750), Qianlong began to expand its preparatory ceremony for its mother's sixtieth birthday. The Xianfeng decade (1860) was burned down by the British and French coalition forces, and it was rebuilt in the 14th year of Guangxu (1888) and renamed the Summer Palace. In 1961, the State Council announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. It was included in the "World Heritage List" in 1998. Approved by the National Tourism Administration in 2007 as a national AAAAA tourist attraction.
Jingming Garden. Located in the Haidian District, with Yuquan Mountain as the main body, Yuquan Mountain is the branch of the western foothills of the west, historically it is a "sand mark and stone gap", and it is everywhere. Built in the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, it was originally called Chengxin Garden, and Kangxi changed its name in the 31st year (1692).
Old Summer Palace ruins. Located in the Haidian District, it is composed of the Old Summer Palace, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden, so it is also called the Old Summer Palace. Founded in Kangxi forty-six years (1707), Xianfeng ten years (1860) was burned by the British and French forces and is now a heritage park.
Eight places in Xishan. Located in Shijingshan District, there are 8 ancient temples including Chang'an Temple, Lingguang Temple, Sanshan Temple, Dabei Temple, Longquan Temple, Xiangjie Temple, Baozhu Cave, and Zhengguo Temple between Cuiwei Mountain, Pingpo Mountain and Lushi Mountain in the west of the Western Mountain . Among them, there are pagodas at two Lingguang Temples dedicated to Shakyamuni Buddha relics. The eighteen Arhat statues enshrined in Dabei Temple are said to have been hand-made by the famous Yuan Yuan sculptor Liu Yuan. The eight major sites are national AAAA scenic spots and the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Beijing.
The old revolutionary sites such as Shuangqing Villa and Lai Qingxuan. Located at the southern foot of Xiangshan Park. On March 25, 1949, after the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission arrived in Peiping, Mao Zedong lived in the Shuangqing villa, and Zhu De, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Ren Bishi lived in Lai Qingxuan. The Shuangqing Villa was the first stop of the Communist Party of China to “take the exam in Beijing”, as the command center of the CPC Central Committee witnessed the course of the Chinese revolution to victory.
The Anti-Japanese War Ruins in Wanping County and the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War Memorial. Wanping County has historically been an annex of Beijing (Shuntianfu). In 1928, after Beijing was changed to Beiping, Wanping County was changed to Hebei Province, and the county government moved to the "Gongji City" on the east side of Lugou Bridge. On the night of July 7, 1937, the "Lugou Bridge Incident" broke out here, also known as the "July 7 Incident." Located in Wanping City, the Chinese People's Anti-Japanese War Memorial is a large-scale comprehensive special memorial that fully reflects the history of the Chinese people's great Anti-Japanese War.
In addition, there are Yunju Temple, Tanzhe Temple, Jietai Temple, Biyun Temple, Reclining Buddha Temple, Miaofeng Mountain Huiji Temple, Jiulong Mountain Jinling Site and Jingdi Mausoleum. Yunju Temple is famous for its Tibetan caves, with more than 15,000 Buddhist scriptures. There are only more than 700 stone inscriptions in Mandalay and Yangon in Myanmar, which are weighed by the world, and more than 15,000 are naturally the most in the world. Therefore, Zhao Puchu said that Yunju Temple is "Dunhuang in Beijing"; Ji Xianlin believes that Dunhuang murals are figurative pictures, and the stone inscriptions of Yunju Temple are written, and Yunju Temple and Dunhuang can be the same as each other.
Emperor Jing's Mausoleum is the tomb of Emperor Zhu Qiyu of the Ming Dynasty, and is a world cultural heritage and a national key cultural relics protection unit. In the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt, the Cuandixia Village, which is typical of the northern mountain dwellings, cannot be ignored. Cuandixia Village is located in the northwest of Zhaitang Town, Mentougou District. On December 17, 2012, it was announced as the first batch of traditional Chinese villages by the Ministry of Housing, Urban and Rural Construction, the Ministry of Culture and the Ministry of Finance.
In the history of Beijing, the Flower Club is a popular form of entertainment, divided into two groups: the Wenhui and Wuhui. The meeting is relatively simple. On the way to incense, as long as there is a stall along the way, such as porridge tea party, tea party, seam party, to provide free services for everyone. The Wuhui Association is relatively complicated. The old 13-file theory, which combines dance, martial arts, acrobatics and quyi, is an intangible cultural heritage. Historically, the Flower Fair has been based around Beijing West. There were flower festivals in 47 villages and towns in Haidian District. There were more than 30 kinds of 89-level meetings, including stilts, flower drums, running donkeys, dragon dances, ponts, car clubs, lions, taiping drums, Shaolin sticks, lotus falls, etc.
The Flower Fair, also known as the Fragrance Fair in Beijing, is closely linked to Miaofeng Mountain and is an important folklore in Beijing. On the top of Miaofeng Mountain is the Bixia Yuanjun Temple, which was once a place of worship for pilgrims from the three provinces of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. In 1925, Gu Jiegang and Rong Geng, Rong Zhaozu, Sun Fuyuan, and Majestic were commissioned by the “Peking University Institute Sinology Gate Custom Investigation Association” to conduct field investigations on the Miaofeng Mountain Jinxiang Customs. Although they had limited funds, they did The survey lasted only three days, but the survey subjects were very extensive and gained a lot, including temple buildings, the status of incense roads, tea shed settings, types of incense clubs, and the psychological state of the enlightenment and pilgrims. Gu Jiegang was serious and careful. His investigation started with Huiqi before Jinxiang. He noticed that from March every year, many Huiqi began to be posted on the roads in Beijing. This kind of Huiqi was printed on yellow paper. It is about five or six feet long and two feet wide, which is large; the small one is one foot long and eight or nine inches wide. The appearance of Kaiqi is modeled on the shape of a stele with a forehead on the top and a seat on the bottom. "There are many red and green papers on the foreheads and the seats, often with pictures: in the painting, they look like the mountains, or the scenery and route of the Miaofeng Mountain, or just draw some lotus leaves, fruits, and 璎珞." Gu Jiegang and others The investigation of the Miaofeng Mountain Fragrance Association is an important achievement in the early stage of Chinese folklore research, especially its first field survey method, which has been an important method to promote Chinese folklore research.
The Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt can be built as a national park
Beijing's "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" puts forward the development goals of building "three cultural belts", and the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt is one of them. As a constituent element of Beijing's historical and cultural city, the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt has an irreplaceable role. We should conduct scientific research, protection and utilization, and then consider setting it as a national park pilot unit, and on this basis as a national park.
We first look back at the history of national parks worldwide.
On September 19, 1870, in the Yellowstone region of the western United States, a group of explorers sat around the campfire at the confluence of the Fallhall River and the Gibbon River to warm up. They were members of the Washburn Expedition. During the expedition, they discovered numerous geysers-including the old Faithful Spring, which was later known around the world. By the campfire, the expedition members had a lively discussion. Someone took advantage of the business opportunity and thought that it should be opened up as a park. As long as the gate is built on the necessary road, you can collect tickets and obtain high profits. However, there is a young lawyer Cornelius Hedges who graduated from Yale University disagrees. He believes that no one in this area should be privately owned, but a comprehensive plan should be made for the establishment of the state by the state. The dominant park model shared by all people is the "national park".
A year and a half later, on March 1, 1872, the United States Congress passed a law "The Law on the Establishment of Parks at the Source of the Yellowstone River" ("Yellowstone Law"). It is stipulated that the area around the source of the Yellowstone River be opened as a park for all people, with the aim of protecting the natural landscape, natural ecology and the history and culture contained in it in a legal form, and providing these for future generations to enjoy. Yellowstone National Park is the first national park in the world. Worldwide, national parks have gone through three stages:
In the first phase, from 1872 to the end of the 19th century, the concept of national parks spread from the United States to Canada, Australia and New Zealand. In the second phase, from the end of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, the concept of national parks spread to Europe. In the third stage, after the second half of the 20th century, the concept of national parks spread around the world. At this stage, the national parks added natural conservation and ecosystem protection functions.
In short, when national parks were first created, tourism occupies an important position. However, with the development of the times, the awareness of the protection of the natural environment and ecosystem has become increasingly prominent. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the protection categories of national parks include not only the natural environment and natural ecology, but also the human landscape and cultural heritage.
Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed "establishing a national park system", my country has started the pilot work of the national park system.
On September 26, 2017, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the General Office of the State Council issued and implemented the "Overall Plan for the Establishment of a National Park System", pointing out that national parks are approved by the state to establish and lead management, with clear boundaries to protect the representative national park. Areas of natural ecosystems are the main purpose to realize the scientific protection and rational use of natural resources on specific land or marine areas. The establishment of a national park is a key reform task put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the Eighteenth Central Committee of the Party and an important content of China's ecological civilization construction. To promote the scientific protection and rational use of natural resources, promote the harmonious coexistence of man and nature, and promote the construction of a beautiful China, It is extremely important. The national park management system clearly states: "Build a cooperative management mechanism. Reasonably divide the central and local authorities, and build a national park central and local cooperative management mechanism with clear subjects, clear responsibilities, and mutual cooperation. The central government directly exercises all natural resources of the people. In case of asset ownership, the local government cooperates with the national park management agency to do ecological protection work as necessary. If the provincial government agency exercises the ownership of all natural resource assets of the people, the central government shall perform its due power and increase guidance and support. The location of the national park The local government exercises the responsibilities of comprehensive coordination of economic and social development, public services, social management, and market supervision in its jurisdiction (including national parks)." In 2018, China established the National Forestry and Grassland Bureau, and at the same time added the National Park Authority brand for unified management. Various nature reserves in national parks.
In 2016, my country established the first national park pilot unit, Sanjiangyuan National Park. Sanjiangyuan is located in Qinghai Province and is the birthplace of the three major river systems of the Yangtze River, Yellow River and Lancang River. Following the pilot of the Three Rivers National Park, China has successively announced 10 national park pilot units, namely: Giant Panda National Park (involving Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces), Northeast Tiger Leopard National Park (located at the border of Jilin and Heilongjiang Province) Vast area), Yunnan Pudacuo National Park (located in Shangri-La City, Diqing Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province), Hubei Shennongjia National Park (located in northwestern Hubei Province), Zhejiang Qianjiangyuan National Park (including Gutian Mountain National Nature Reserve) , Qianjiangyuan National Forest Park, Qianjiangyuan Provincial Scenic Area and the ecological area connecting nature reserves), Hunan Nanshan National Park (including Nanshan National Scenic Area, Jintongshan National Nature Reserve, Liangjiang Canyon National Forest Park, Baiyun Lake National Wetland Park and the ecological area connecting the nature reserves), Wuyishan National Park (located in a low mountain hill in the Wuyi Mountains at the border of northwestern Fujian Province and northeastern Jiangxi Province), Beijing Great Wall National Park (Badaling Great Wall Area in Yanqing District, Beijing), Qilian Mountain National Park (involving the entire territory of Qilian Mountain National Nature Reserve in Gansu), Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (including Wuzhi Mountain, Yinggeling, Jianfengling, Bawangling, Diaoluo Mountain, etc. 5 national-level nature reserves, 3 provincial-level nature reserves such as Jiaxi, 4 national forest parks such as Limu Mountain, 6 provincial-level forest parks such as Atuoling and related state-owned forest farms).
As of now, there are a total of 11 national park pilot units in my country, with a total area of 220,000 square kilometers. In 2020, my country will fully complete the national park pilot task, complete the national park pilot acceptance, and formally establish a batch of national parks.
Among the pilot projects of national parks in my country, the ninth is Beijing Great Wall National Park. Unlike other national park pilot units, the goal of the Great Wall National Park in Beijing is "to effectively protect local human resources." According to this line of thought, if the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt is included in the national park system, and strive to enter the national park pilot unit in 2022, it will be conducive to the long-term existence of its natural resources and the coordinated development of humanities and history. Based on this, the relevant departments of the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt should be integrated at an appropriate time to establish an authoritative leadership organization, so as to build the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt into a national park.
Strengthen the protection and utilization of the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt
The Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt has a great influence in Beijing, but it has been neglected for a long time and has failed to play its due ecological and cultural role. There are many problems to be solved urgently:
1. The natural ecology has been destroyed, and the Yongding River has been interrupted for a long time.
The Yongding River originated in Shanxi, and the Yongding River was blocked due to the construction of multiple reservoirs in the upstream, which caused the downstream of the Yongding River to be in a state of long-term flow interruption, and the surrounding ecological environment of the Yongding River was destroyed.
For example, Clematis elegans is a rare plant in Beijing, and it is included in the "List of Beijing's First-level Protected Wild Plants". Because the plant characteristics and unique growth environment of maple leaf clematis are scarce, Yongding River is on the cliff wall at the corner of Dingjiatan in Mentougou. The large area of clematis maple leaf once grown is very spectacular. Unfortunately, due to the Yongding River After many years of dehydration, the ecological environment has deteriorated, and the Clematis elegans there disappears. On April 8, 2020, according to a report by China Mobile, "The first-level protected plant Clematis elegans in the "Beijing Key Conservation of Wild Plants List" was allegedly damaged. Botany experts said The lotus is difficult to cultivate artificially, and the wild population is small, so it should be paid attention to and protected. At present, the police have launched an investigation on this matter."
Due to over-tourism, the natural ecology of the Yongshan River Cultural Belt in the Xishan Mountain has been negatively affected. On the morning of May 14, 2019, Beijing’s Mentougou District Culture and Tourism Bureau announced that the Lingshan Scenic Area has been continuously damaged by vegetation and the ecological environment is deteriorating. For this reason, the Lingshan Scenic Area is temporarily open to the outside world to restore and protect the Lingshan Ecosystem .
Second, the historical style was destroyed.
Some of the buildings in the cultural belt are very large, destroying the surrounding natural environment. The landscape on both sides of the main roads, such as the Summer Palace, Xiangshan, Badachu, Wanping County, needs to be rectified.
For example, the west section of the Fifth Ring Road in the Hongshankou area is to the south of the Summer Palace and Jingming Garden, and to the north is the mountain. Before the Fifth Ring Road was opened, this section was a flat highway. The road was under the mountain and was suitable for the surrounding landscape. The current Fifth Ring Road is an elevated road. It wants to compete with the mountain peaks and destroy the original suitable natural environment. We should think from the perspective of Landscape Avenue, redesign and rebuild.
I think that setting it as a national park will greatly benefit the protection and construction of the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt. According to the actual situation, this work can be broken down into several aspects and steps:
1. Repair the ecological environment. The Yongding River is regularly replenished to make the Mother River in Beijing “alive”.
Since the 1960s, the water volume of the Yongding River has been steadily decreasing or even being stopped irregularly. This issue has already attracted the attention of the relevant departments. For this reason, Guanting Reservoir has repeatedly opened the gate to release water. The most recent one, according to the China Daily, reported on April 20: "Water shortages, water ecological degradation, and water environment damage have all plagued the mother of Beijing. The new and old water problems of the river for many years, with the gradual advancement of the comprehensive management and ecological restoration of the Yongding River, rapid improvement and immediate improvement are being achieved. At 8 am on April 20, the Guanting Reservoir officially opened the gate to release water, and the Yongding River in 2020 The downstream ecological water replenishment has been fully launched. This water replenishment will provide 260 million cubic meters of ecological water replenishment to the Beijing section of the Yongding River Basin downstream. The goal is to pass water to Daxing International Airport to achieve the first stage of comprehensive treatment and ecological restoration of the Yongding River. The 25 years of the southern section of the Yongding River Plain is expected to be open to water, marking the substantial progress and results of cooperation between the four provinces and cities of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and Jinjiang in the field of ecological civilization construction."
2. Integrate the natural and human resources in the Xiding Yongding River cultural belt into a relatively concentrated large scenic area according to geographical location, so as to carry out centralized and orderly regional management.
3. Build landscape avenues, open up rail transit, improve air quality, and pay attention to the construction of the entrance square of the scenic spot to adapt it to the environment of the scenic spot.
4. Divide the Xishan Yongding River Cultural Belt into different areas, namely: core protected areas of natural environment and ecological species, non-core protected areas, transitional areas, cultural landscape protected areas, indigenous protected areas, scientific research, tourism, recreational areas, etc. , Develop different response measures for different regions.
V. Preparation for the establishment of a national park pilot management agency and formulation of corresponding policies and regulations. Starting from the national park pilot unit, the Beijing Yongshan River Cultural Belt will be built into a national park.
This is a grand goal, and we should make unremitting efforts for it!
(Author: Wang Bin, the Department of Lu Xun Literature Institute Fellow)