Established two years earlier than New China and stabilized the “Model Autonomous Region”
Inner Mongolia tells you why the regional ethnic autonomy system is good
Our reporters Yin Yao, Zhang Yunlong, Beri Khan, Yu Jia
In the afternoon of May 22, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, State President, and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, when participating in the review of the Inner Mongolia delegation at the Third Session of the 13th National People's Congress emphasized that the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the earliest ethnic autonomous region established in China, and we must uphold and improve the ethnic region The autonomy system strengthens the exchanges and exchanges of various nationalities, accelerates the pace of economic and social development in ethnic areas, and continues to be at the forefront in promoting the unity and progress of various nationalities.
May is the season when the grasslands turn green, and the ground is green and vigorous, and May is also the month when the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region was established.
On May 1, 1947, amidst the gunpowder of the War of Liberation and the dawn of the founding of New China, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government announced the establishment of the revitalized old grassland.
The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, which was established two years before the Republic, as a solid rear, played an important role in the birth of new China.
For 73 years, Inner Mongolia has been a national barrier. All ethnic groups in the autonomous region have always lived in harmony and prospered to ensure tranquility in northern Xinjiang. At the end of last year, the autonomous region succeeded in preventing the spread of plague. This year, the new crown pneumonia epidemic was effectively prevented and controlled. A medical team of 849 people was sent to transport large quantities of beef, mutton and milk to support Hubei. Since March, Hohhot has undertaken the task of diverting international flights, and Inner Mongolia has become the front line for the prevention and control of overseas epidemic situations. The autonomous region has done its utmost to complete the tasks entrusted by this country, mobilize resources, and manage closed loops without community proliferation.
General Secretary Xi Jinping is very concerned about the development of Inner Mongolia, and encourages the autonomous region to consciously assume the important role of an important ecological security barrier in the north of my country and a security and stability barrier in the north of the motherland. This is based on the history and current situation, based on the precise positioning and a high degree of generalization of the country.
Over the past seventy years of mutual assistance, the scenery in northern Xinjiang has become more beautiful. The fundamental experience of the prosperity and development of Inner Mongolia lies in the leadership of the Communist Party of China. When leading the national revolutionary cause, the party explored the path of regional ethnic autonomy for the Mongolian and other ethnic minorities. Inner Mongolia has always been a model implementation, fully showing the advantages of this path and system, and providing a Chinese sample for the world to deal with ethnic issues.
Zhou Enlai praised Ulanfu, "single-handed meeting" resolved a "Republic"
Going back to modern history, some rulers adopted a weakening policy against the Mongolians. The Japanese army invaded China, and the Manchu-Mongolia region was a strategic priority, which caused great suffering to the Mongolian people.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War in 1945, the situation in Inner Mongolia was still complicated. The Kuomintang tried to restore its previous rule, and the Mongolian minority princes and nobles engaged in so-called "independent autonomy" and "independent statehood" and the merger of inner and outer Mongolia. The Communist Party of China adheres to the idea of "national autonomy." There are three roads concerning the future and destiny of Inner Mongolia. How do the Mongolians make the right choice?
Appointed by the Central Committee of the Party, Ulanfu assumed the historical responsibility. In October 1945, he successfully solved the problem of "Interim Government of Inner Mongolia People's Republic of China" in Sunite Youqi. Although the situation was very dangerous at the time, in order to show sincerity, Ulanfu only brought a few followers into the "Interim Government" base camp.
"Because he was not armed, his father could only rely on negotiations to convince the other party and let them understand that only accepting the leadership of the Communist Party is the only way out." Ulanf's son Ujie recalled.
After arduous and meticulous ideological work, Ulanfu persuaded the majority of the "provisional government" to prompt the government to re-elect, and he became the actual leader of the "provisional government", and then made his own death by temporarily suspending activities. Afterwards, Zhou Enlai praised Ulanfu for "single-handed meeting" to resolve a "Republic".
Since then, with the support of the Party Central Leadership and relevant party organizations, Ulanf, together with people from all walks of life in Inner Mongolia, established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation in Zhangjiakou in November 1945 and was elected as the chairman, marking the entry of the Inner Mongolia National Liberation Movement into the actual leadership of the CCP There is a new period of unified organization, unified leadership, and unified struggle goals.
However, in early 1946, Wangyemiao Street (now Ulanhot City) in eastern Inner Mongolia established the "Eastern Mongolian People’s Autonomous Government". The main person in charge was the backbone of the Inner Mongolian People’s Revolutionary Party and accepted the Soviet socialist road. The support of the group gathered some Mongolian passionate youths with national democratic ideas. The East Mongolian Autonomous Government has its own army and basically controls the eastern part of Inner Mongolia. They advocate that the Inner Mongolian Revolution is led by the Inner Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party and implements a high degree of autonomy.
According to the decision of the Party Central Committee, through the coordination of the Xibei Branch of the CPC Central Committee and the Jireliao Branch, representatives of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation and the East Mongolian Autonomous Government met in Chengde. From March 30, 1946 to April 2, 1946, the two parties held five meetings and still could not reach a consensus.
At a critical moment, Ulanf found Temurbagen, who had returned to Moscow with him and worked for a long time in eastern Inner Mongolia. The two classmates expressed their heartfelt words, and through deep memories, they found a meeting point from historical experience and lessons. Temurbagen proposed to join the Communist Party of China, and the Jireliao Branch quickly approved it. The change in Temurbach's attitude brought a turning point for the talks.
In the end, the representatives of the East Mongolian Autonomous Government gave up their original ideas, accepted the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the idea of regional ethnic autonomy, and agreed to use the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation as the unified leading organ of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement. The East Mongolian Autonomous Government also withdrew accordingly.
"The Chengde Conference is an important conference in the history of the Inner Mongolia National Liberation Movement. It ended the long-term division and isolation of Inner Mongolia's eastern and western regions since the Qing Dynasty, and laid a solid foundation for the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government." Inner Mongolia Xing'an League Party Nashun Wulita, deputy director of the historical office, said.
On August 1, 1946, Ulanfu called the Party Central Committee to propose a preliminary idea for the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. He said in the telegram: "The Chengde meeting has a great influence among the Mongolians, but the Mongolians are generally dissatisfied with the current sub-national autonomy and the leadership of the provincial government (the democratic government of the liberated area), and they demand unified self-government. How to properly meet the Mongolian (Gu) people This requirement is as important as solving the land problem."
On November 15 of that year, the Kuomintang held the "National Congress" in Nanjing and also vigorously discussed the issue of Inner Mongolia's autonomy. On November 18th, the Xiqinquan Bureau's telegram on the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government said: "Now that Dongmeng, regardless of old age, youth, progress, and backwardness, all advocate the establishment of the (Inner) Mongolian Autonomous Government... In this case, we What attitude should be adopted on the issue of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government, and whether to convene the Inner Mongolia (Gu) People’s Congress and prepare to establish an organ of a more political nature than the Federation of Autonomous Movements. This question is based on the national situation. Can we have a decision before the Kuomintang? Advocate."
In late March 1947, the CPC Central Committee agreed to establish the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. After many preparations, on April 23, the Inner Mongolian People's Congress was finally held at Wangye Temple Street.
The colorful flags in small towns are like festivals, but the situation is also very tense. Ulygitu, a 90-year-old retired cadre who was working as a security guard at the time, recalled: "The Kuomintang troops are stationed in Taonan, Jilin. They also need to beware of bandit attacks and spy damage. The four corners of the site are heavy machine guns. But many of the participants The representative is happy despite his shabby clothing."
The meeting elected the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government and elected Ulanfu as the chairman, completely ending the history of the division of the Mongolian nationality in the Inner Mongolia region for more than 300 years, and initially fulfilled the desire of the Mongolian people of all strata for unity and autonomy for many years. On May 1, Wulanfu announced the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government.
"The establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government is a victory of the party's policy proposition." Bai Haijun, a professor at the party school of the Inner Mongolia Xing'an League Committee, said that the Chinese Communist Party has advocated the nation from the day of its birth based on the principles and principles of Marxism and China's actual situation. Equality is in the best interest of the long-separated Mongolian nation. It can overcome other political factions and become a leader supported by the Mongolian people.
Keep the true character of "Model Autonomous Region" forever
From the War of Liberation to the early days of the founding of New China, from the three-year difficult period to the reform and opening up, Inner Mongolia has always maintained its "model autonomous region" character for 73 years.
The establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government has united the two major theaters of Northeast China and North China, and has played an important role in the strategic rear. The main force of the Northeast Field Army's attack on Jinzhou was quietly bypassed from the territory of Inner Mongolia today. It once lurked hundreds of thousands of troops in the southern mountainous area of Tongliao City. At that time, more than 100 military stations were built in Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia, to provide food and other material support for the Liaoshen Campaign. On January 1, 1948, the Inner Mongolian People's Self-Defense Force was renamed the Inner Mongolian People's Liberation Army. Troops and other troops directly participated in the battles of Liaoshen and Pingjin, and made outstanding achievements.
On October 23, 1948, the prelude to the Battle of Montenegro in the Battle of Liaoshen, Hujia Shack, started. At 3 a.m., under the cover of heavy artillery and aircraft, the Northeast Kuomintang Army launched a fierce attack on the first regiment of Inner Mongolia Cavalry. More than 300 fighters from the first regiment of the Cavalry in Inner Mongolia have fought hard against the elite Kuomintang troops with five to six times the number of people, and with the combination of steps, artillery and air.
The enemy surrounded them on three sides and gradually reduced the circle of encirclement. At the same time, they used bombing by planes and artillery to blow their main positions into a sea of fire. In this severe situation, the first regiment of Inner Mongolia Cavalry's commanders were brave and courageous, and resisted stubbornly. They relied on simple fortifications and worked hard for 7 hours. With intensive firepower and grenades, they repelled the enemy's multiple shocks. .
In this battle, they killed and wounded hundreds of enemies, sacrificed more than 60 people, and completed the arduous task of blocking the enemy for 7 hours at a heavy cost, which won precious time for the main force of the Northeast Field Army to carry out and conduct defensive operations.
From the day of its birth, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region naturally carries the genes of "adherence to the leadership of the party" and "cherish national unity". After the founding of New China, it continued to maintain the lofty honor of "model autonomous region" for a long time, showing the strong sense of identity of the people of all ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia for the party and the country.
In 1958, the Party Central Committee formally approved the construction of Dongfeng Base, my country's first comprehensive missile test range in Ejin Banner, Inner Mongolia, also known as Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The party committee of the autonomous region made a decision: Ejin Banner moved 140 kilometers north to support national defense construction.
At that time, Nanslemah was only 16 years old, and recalling that time she still has vivid memories. The family put away the felt house, drove the cattle and sheep, and carried three big boxes on the camels, and left the rich pastures that had lived for more than 300 years with more than 300 households and more than 1,100 herdsmen. The herdsmen turned their heads three times in a row, and wept with tears to bid farewell to the God Mountain Bayanbaoge in their hearts, but no one raised objections. Nanslemah said: "Even if there is a lot of reluctance in our hearts, we will move as long as the country needs it." It is understood that the herdsmen who participated in the relocation at that time accounted for about 1/4 of the entire population of the flag, and 70,400 heads of migrant animals (only ).
During the three-year difficult period, Inner Mongolia adhered to the principle of "first the central government, then the local region, and then the outer region and then the inner region" on the food issue. It handed over 1 billion kilograms of grain to the central government and delivered tens of thousands of farm animals to the brother provinces and cities. At that time, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places fell into the dilemma of lack of materials and scarce food. Rice grains were about to bottom out, and thousands of children adopted by the government faced the threat of hunger. Under the arrangement of Premier Zhou Enlai and Ulanfu, about 3,000 orphans came to the grasslands of Inner Mongolia from the remote Jiangnan and were adopted by the herdsmen of the grasslands. The Mongolians do not like the word "orphan", so they call these adopted children "children of the country."
The youngest children are under the age of one and the oldest is only 5 years old. After coming to the grassland, they need to adjust their bodies in the nursery before they can be adopted by the herdsmen. One day in 1960, the shepherdess, Guima, was recruited into the temporary nursery school set up by Siziwangqi and became a temporary mother of 28 "children". That year, she was 18 years old and had not yet a family.
In the next 10 months, the young Duguima took care of these frail infants and young children with the help of an assistant, let them slowly adapt to the cold and herdsmen's diet in the north, and fulfill the One, strong one" commitment. In the era of lack of medical care and medicine and difficult life, under the careful care of Du Guima, none of the 28 children became disabled due to illness, and no one died. All of them were sent to the adoptive parents' health. Today, these children are over 60 years old and full of grandchildren.
The key to the "model" of Inner Mongolia lies in the achievement of "five identities". Experts such as Narisen, deputy dean of Xilin Gol League School of Administration, said that from a historical perspective, the Mongolians have a strong sense of belonging to the "China"; the Mongolians are very inclusive and have a long history of communication and integration with the Han and other ethnic groups. From a realistic perspective, under the leadership of the Party, taking the socialist road, Inner Mongolia has undergone earth-shaking changes, and the Mongolian nation has moved from the edge of life and death to a well-off society, and has stood at a new historical starting point.
"Since the beginning of the 20th century, the border areas of ethnic minorities have basically been separated from the jurisdiction of the central government, and this situation was not changed until the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The exemplary role of Inner Mongolia has set an example for all ethnic minorities and greatly enhanced their Advocacy, recognition of the country." Narisen said.
"To restore the original appearance in the history of Inner Mongolia"
The Fourth Plenary Session of the Nineteenth Central Committee of the Party pointed out that upholding equality among all ethnic groups, solidifying the awareness of the Chinese national community, and achieving common solidarity, common prosperity and development are one of the significant advantages of our national system and national governance system.
This "system" is the system of regional ethnic autonomy that has always been one of the country's three basic political systems. Inner Mongolia, as the earliest exploration and practice place of this theory and system, its course fully proved the "significant advantage" of this system.
Since its establishment, the Communist Party of China has been actively exploring ways to solve ethnic problems. On the way to the Long March, he made extensive contacts with ethnic minorities and gradually formed a national policy in line with national conditions.
In October 1935, the CPC Central Committee and the Central Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi. Based on the situation of the Anti-Japanese War at that time, Sui Meng became one of the strategic areas where the party leaders led the anti-Japanese and anti-Jiang struggle and opened up the international route to Mongolia and the Soviet Union. The Wayaobao meeting held in December put forward the anti-Japanese national united front strategy. On December 20th, Mao Zedong issued the "Declaration of the Chinese Soviet Central Government on the People of Inner Mongolia", which expounded the Inner Mongolia ethnic issues and the party's policies on the Inner Mongolia Revolution. Since then, the Red Army of the Party Central Committee has entered Wushen Banner, Etuokeqian Banner and other places where Inner Mongolia borders Shaanxi and Ningxia, and established base areas. Later, these areas became part of the border areas of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia.
In the Sixth Plenary Session of the Sixth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1938, "Sinification of Marxism" was proposed for the first time. Regional ethnic autonomy became the party's actual policy to solve domestic ethnic problems. In 1941, the "Government Program for the Shaan-Gan-Ning Border Region" approved by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee clearly stated "the establishment of an autonomous region of Mongolian and Hui nationalities." Since then, the border government has established 5 Muslim autonomous regions and 1 Mongolian autonomous region. The 5 Muslim autonomous regions are established in the Han Hui mixed area. The Chengchuan Mengmin autonomous area in the present Etuokeqianqi is the only one established in the minority area Within the national autonomous test zone.
Wulanfu and Xi Zhongxun successively guided the construction of the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Autonomous Region. In April 1946, Lin Boqu, the chairman of the border government, gave a government work report at the first meeting of the third session of the Senate of the Border Region, fully affirming the work of building the national autonomous government in Chengchuan.
Yu Guoqiang, vice chairman of the Etuoke Qianqi Political Consultative Conference who has been engaged in relevant research for a long time, said that the fruitful national work in the Chengchuan area has fully verified the correctness of the Chinese Communist Party’s national theory and national policy, indicating that the Chinese Communist Party’s understanding of ethnic minorities has developed A new level. The successful practice in the Chengchuan region has also provided valuable experience for my country to implement ethnic regional autonomy.
In 1945, Ulanf left Yan'an and returned to Suimeng to work. Under the leadership of the party, he resolutely implemented the party's ethnic policy, and finally realized the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. From this process, it can be seen that the implementation of regional ethnic autonomy is a product of the Communist Party of China combining Marxist national theory with China's reality. It conforms to the national conditions and has strong vitality and significant advantages. The establishment and development of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region stems from the party's decision-making, and the party's leadership is the most fundamental experience.
The area under the jurisdiction of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government is 5 alliances in eastern Inner Mongolia today, with a population of about 2 million people. In March 1949, Mao Zedong said to Ulanfu: "It is necessary to restore the original appearance in the history of Inner Mongolia." This instruction of Mao Zedong mainly included the revocation of Rehe, Suiyuan and Chahar provinces, and gradually established the unified Inner Mongolia of East and Mongolia. autonomous region. Mao Zedong let Ulanfu choose the capital, and Ulanfu chose Guisui (now Hohhot).
At the beginning of 1952, Mao Zedong learned that the "Mengsui merger" was indefinitely delayed because some leading cadres did not agree. He said: "Can't delay anymore, withdraw whoever doesn't agree, withdraw if you don't agree!" In this case, Zhou En said: "This matter has been fixed by the central government. I will do the work. Please rest assured."
In June 1952, the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government moved from Zhangjiakou to Guisui. Since then, the establishment of Chahar, Suiyuan, and Rehe provinces has been cancelled, and the jurisdiction is under the jurisdiction of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government. So far, "restore the original appearance in the history of Inner Mongolia" has basically been realized. Later, at the end of 1955, Alashan and Ejin belonging to Gansu were assigned to Inner Mongolia. In 1962, Shangdu County of Hebei Province was assigned to Inner Mongolia, basically forming the current administrative region.
The former vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Buhe said in his reminiscent article that the realization of "the complete emancipation of the Inner Mongolian nation" and the realization of the "unified autonomy of the entire Inner Mongolian region" within the family of the Chinese nation will continue forever. It not only enabled the Inner Mongolian nation to end its history of fragmentation, poverty and backwardness, but also embarked on a bright road of unity, prosperity and happiness, and opened a new historical journey. Basic policies set a precedent and set an example.
When the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government was established, the epidemic was prevalent on the grasslands. Later, the country sent a large number of medical personnel to the pastoral areas to eliminate infectious diseases and ensure the health of the people. It quickly reversed the tragic situation of the minority ethnic groups in Inner Mongolia suffering from diseases and negative population growth.
During the "1st Five-Year Plan" period, the state built a number of major projects such as Baotou Steel in Inner Mongolia, enabling Inner Mongolia's industry to grow from scratch, and engineering and technical personnel from all over the world to support the construction, and ultimately take root in the border, laying the foundation for the development of Inner Mongolia.
As early as the summer of 1946, the Inner Mongolia Liberated Area, like other liberated areas in the country, followed the example of "farmers have their fields" in the countryside, and proposed that "herders have their animals". During the in-depth investigation, Wulanfu found that the characteristics of the pastoral economy and the social structure and class relations of the pastoral area are very different from those in the rural area, and gradually formed the "three benefits, two benefits," "policy. The democratic reform of pastoral areas in the later liberated areas of Inner Mongolia has been mastered accordingly. From weakening feudalism to eliminating feudalism, the task of democratic reform of pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia has been steadily completed.
Under the auspices of Wulanfu, Inner Mongolia is divided into agricultural areas, pastoral areas and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas. Later, in the area where Mongolia and Han lived together, combined with the land reform and administrative division adjustment, the "Mongolian rent" was cancelled, the problems of coexistence of Qixian and the division of Mongolia and Han were solved, and the long-term main cause of the conflict between Mongolia and Han was permanently eliminated. National relations have been improved, national unity has been strengthened, and a new situation of mutual help and common development between Mongolian and Han peoples has emerged.
In June 1953, the Central People's Committee of the People's Republic of China summarized the work of the ethnic minority pastoral areas of the country, and promoted the "prudent and stable" and "human and animal husbandry" pastoral work policies implemented in Inner Mongolia to the national minority pastoral areas. "Profit" was promoted to be the first of the "ten policies" for national minority pastoral areas. Inner Mongolia’s pioneering pastoral work experience became the guiding principle for pastoral work in national minority areas throughout the 1950s and 1960s.
Ren Yaping, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and deputy director of the Committee on Population, Resources and Environment of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, said that at the beginning of the establishment of the autonomous region, under the strong leadership of the party, the Communists headed by Ulanfu targeted a considerable number of Mongolian compatriots at that time, especially young and middle-aged monks. Mongolia’s ethnic economy and population development have been seriously affected, and ethnic and religious policies and measures in line with Inner Mongolia’s actual conditions have been worked out.
Inner Mongolia also regards strengthening the construction of minority cadres as an important part of implementing the party's ethnic policies. For more than 70 years, the Autonomous Region has continuously improved the mechanism for selecting, cultivating, and appointing ethnic minority cadres. It has trained a large number of ethnic minority cadres with both ethics and talents, and both Mongolian and Han nationalities. They have fully exerted their key role in the management, reform, development, and stability of ethnic areas. effect.
Ren Yaping said that the religious reform policy, the "three not two benefits" policy and the policy of cultivating ethnic cadres at that time were the three cornerstones for Inner Mongolia to become a model autonomous region, which laid a solid foundation for long-term stability, economic and social development and national unity in Inner Mongolia.
Ulanfu summed up four basic experiences during the 40th anniversary of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region: First, adhere to the party's leadership, second, proceed from reality, third, strengthen national unity, and fourth, train cadres.
In March 2017, on the eve of the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Buhe published an article saying that he would "hold the general direction firmly." "This is to uphold the leadership of the Communist Party of China, to uphold national unity and the motherland's unity, to uphold national equality and democratic autonomy. This is fundamental, a goal of struggle, and a destination."
Reference historical materials:
"History of the Communist Party of China·Volume One"
"Commemorating the 100th Anniversary of Wulanfu's Birth: Inheriting His Will and Blessing the People"
"Looking at History from the Height of History-The Significance and Enlightenment of the Victory of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement under the Leadership of the Communist Party of China"
"Selection of Government Documents of Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia Border Region", co-edited by Shaanxi Provincial Archives and Shaanxi Academy of Social Sciences, published by Archives Publishing House