At its core, the Arab-Israeli conflict takes place over place. The places in religious texts were designated in their time and referred to the people who inhabited them in ancient centuries.

Yet they are interpreted to serve a new, modern or contemporary perception or ideology, intended to seize the land. The slogan “Israel from the Nile to the Euphrates’ is not just a flashy slogan that appealed to some or just passing propaganda talk, writes Haim Ben-Ghiat. “imagined geography” wears a doctrinal guise, through claims carried by religious interpretations, he says.