How can 2 billion used mobile phones usher in a new life?
China News Weekly reporter Meng Qian
Published in the 1135th issue of "China News Weekly" magazine on April 8, 2024
"The profit from recycling to resale of a second-hand mobile phone is about 20% to 30%. In addition, consumers may increase their budget for new mobile phones due to depreciation." Wang Changwen has been engaged in training in the communications industry for more than 10 years. Nowadays, every year After contacting nearly 10,000 mobile phone retail practitioners, he increasingly felt the importance of the "second-hand" market.
Wang Changwen encouraged offline practitioners to seize the second-hand mobile phone market. However, it is not easy to keep an old mobile phone from consumers. He concluded that selling new mobile phones is often the best recycling scenario, but whether the old mobile phones can be retained in the hands of consumers depends on the professionalism of the retailer: being able to follow a series of techniques and processes and give a price based on reasonable standards. Eliminate information security concerns and provide high-quality after-sales and services. "However, many times practitioners are 'exhausting their words', and consumers ultimately choose to leave their mobile phones at home to gather dust."
"Now when we train, we generally require that the follow-up rate of mobile phone retail stores reaches 30%, which is considered a passing rate. The industry average is about 10%." Wang Changwen explained to China News Weekly that the follow-up rate refers to every sale When looking at the proportion of mobile phones recycled out of 100, even an excellent company can only achieve a 50% chance.
Data from the China Circular Economy Association also reveals consumers’ willingness to dispose of used mobile phones: the current average lifespan of a mobile phone is about 2.2 years. Our country produces an average of more than 400 million used mobile phones every year, and the stock of used mobile phones exceeds 2 billion. The association’s research data also shows that after mobile phones are discarded, about 54.2% are left idle by consumers, and only about 5% can enter recycling channels such as professional used mobile phone recycling platforms and “old-for-new” activities.
The willingness to "trade-in" mobile phones for new ones is low. Where is the problem? On March 1 this year, the State Council executive meeting reviewed and approved the "Action Plan for Promoting Large-Scale Equipment Updates and Trade-In of Consumer Goods" (hereinafter referred to as the "Plan"), which also clearly touched on the pain points, requiring "promoting the standardization of second-hand electronic product transactions and preventing Leakage and malicious recovery of user information.”
Since 2010, more and more Internet platforms have entered the second-hand mobile phone market. However, problems such as incomplete recycling systems, insufficient recycling processing capabilities, lack of standards and regulations, and imperfect platform management have resulted in the overall lack of a "standardized and healthy" market. second-hand market. How to promote the standardized disposal, efficient recovery and recycling of massive amounts of used mobile phones still needs to be solved.
Difficult Penetration by “Regular Army”
The history of second-hand mobile phone recycling in China is almost a road of “fighting monsters and upgrading” that has lasted for nearly 20 years.
Public data shows that China's total mobile phone sales in 2005 were 85.33 million units, of which Nokia's sales exceeded 20 million units. However, Nokia's survey on users' recycling of used mobile phones shows that the recycling rate of used mobile phones in China is only 1%.
"Beginning in 2005, some mobile phone manufacturers have successively launched recycling services, but overall, most of the market in the recycling industry is still in the hands of mobile vendors and street stores, such as those near the Gongzhufen business district and Xizhimen Telecom business hall in Beijing. Industry pattern It is scattered and disorderly and in a stage of disorderly competition." Chang Dalei, executive vice president and secretary-general of the China Secondhand Goods Industry Association, told China News Weekly.
At that time, the main transactions of second-hand mobile phones came from the traditional offline market. With extremely asymmetric information, the entire market had not yet taken shape.
The change occurred after 2007, when Jobs brought a mobile phone with a touch screen, mobile phone and Internet communication functions, completely pushing people into the smartphone era. The emergence of the iPhone has also rewritten the entire mobile phone market. With the continuous upgrading of software and hardware, iPhone has become an important role in stimulating the increase in transaction volume in the second-hand mobile phone market. Replacing it with a new one every year has become one of the signs of "Apple fans", and the discarded second-hand iPhone has formed a huge market.
Shenzhen Huaqiangbei once became the largest distribution center for second-hand iPhones in China. More than 80% of the second-hand mobile phones traded here are foreign-made mobile phones. Based on its huge sales scale and complex circulation system, Huaqiangbei controls the channels and pricing power, and is also engaged in repair, dismantling and refurbishment processes. It is considered The center of the gray zone.
However, this situation is gradually changing. "By 2013, the first batch of smart phones began to generate replacement demand. At the same time, the circulation and value retention rate of smart phones increased, and the price of new phones became higher and higher, often reaching nearly 10,000 yuan." The person in charge of Yunnan Jiuji recalled that very early I discovered the business opportunity of "trade-in old for new". “It is rare for consumers to bring an old phone to sell, but it is very common to bring an old phone to a store to buy a new one.”
Jiuji began to form its own development team and built a recycling evaluation system. It gradually changed from the experience evaluation of "looking at people's dishes" to relying on professional tools for evaluation. The principle is to estimate the recycling amount based on the resale amount and reserve Gross profit margin of about 10%. The person in charge said, "The resale path at that time was divided into two categories. Second-hand beautiful machines in good condition were sold to consumers, with 15 days of no-reason returns and a one-year warranty; the other category was for selling slightly inferior machines. to online platforms.”
They found that when consumers entered the store, they originally budgeted for a mobile phone worth 3,000 yuan, but found that their old phone could still be offset by 1,000 yuan, so the purchase budget became 4,000 yuan. "This is why for subsequent high-end products from Apple and Android, consumers almost always replace their old phones with new ones every year."
Take Apple mobile phones as an example. In 2016, Apple launched the "Annual Renewal Plan" for recycling old mobile phones globally. Consumers can use old mobile phones to offset the cost of buying new ones every year. Second-hand smartphones can be discounted up to 6,500 yuan. In addition, the Apple Store also launched officially refurbished iPhone 6 series models in 2015, and they quickly sold out. Apple CEO Cook once revealed that more than one-third of users choose the trade-in program when purchasing new Apple devices.
Huawei has launched the "Huawei Environmental Recycling Service". Huawei has said that electronic waste in the hands of consumers is still precious to Huawei. Huawei will recycle, dismantle and extract resources to maximize the recycling of electronic waste. Huawei also launched a trade-in business in 2015. At that time, it was unprecedented in the domestic mobile phone industry that the scope of "trade-in" was expanded to include friendly brands such as Apple, Samsung, and Xiaomi.
In addition, domestic mainstream e-commerce platforms have already carried out "old-for-new" business for many years. "In 2023, a subsidy of 200 million yuan was invested to stimulate the replacement of old products with new ones, which ultimately drove a 100% increase in new product sales. At the same time, government subsidies and subsidies from brand manufacturers together drove the growth of consumption. In 2024, Jingdong 3C Digital will integrate 3 billion The person in charge of JD.com’s 3C digital trade-in related business told China News Weekly that JD.com has been doing the “trade-in” of mobile phones since 2015, and currently supports JD 3C digital products in nearly 200 cities as a “one-stop for synchronized pick-up and delivery” "Replace the old with the new".
"But in fact, many users are still unfamiliar with recycling old mobile phones, and at the same time have some concerns about personal privacy and information security." The person in charge said frankly.
How to deal with mobile phones recycled by mobile phone manufacturers is also a problem. It is understood that most mobile phones will be circulated again in the second-hand mobile phone market, and the remaining parts will enter the dismantling process. These second-hand mobile phones are often handled by second-hand mobile phone trading platforms.
With the rise of the mobile Internet, many people have already begun to look for entrepreneurial breakthroughs in the disposal of old mobile phones. Chang Dalei recalled that around 2010, second-hand mobile phone recycling e-commerce companies were established one after another. Some people in the industry believe that the competition between formal recycling channels and informal recycling channels really began at this time.
As the epitome of the development of second-hand mobile phone trading platforms, platforms such as Aihuishou have been "crossing the river by feeling for the stones" in the past decade. In 2011, "Aihuishou.com" was launched and positioned as a C2B model. In the early days, it could only receive one or two products a day with very old styles and poor quality. In 2013, in order to expand recycling volume, Aihuishou opened stores in shopping malls at all costs. By 2017, the recycling volume of mobile phones exceeded 7 million units, and the mobile phone store was launched online to launch B2B business. In June 2019, Aihuishou merged with JD.com’s second-hand goods trading platform “Paipai” to open up the entire C2B, B2B and B2C industry chain. However, until its listing in 2021, Aihuishou suffered losses of nearly 1.4 billion for three consecutive years, triggering doubts from the outside world.
"The development of the entire industry is still in its infancy." Wang Yongliang, executive president of Aihuishou, told China News Weekly that for more than ten years, the company has been investing in exploring and establishing some rules and standards step by step. At the same time, it has to go step by step. Educate users. In this process, a large amount of funds were consumed, and some detours were even taken before scale could be initially achieved.
According to Frost & Sullivan statistics, the top five companies in the second-hand consumer electronics industry account for a total of 22.8% of the market share, which means that the concentration of the entire industry is not high.
"Stimulated by favorable national policies, the supply of old phones will increase. At the same time, in the trade-in business model, these old phones will flow to standardized platforms, and entering the platform is the beginning of a virtuous cycle." China's Circular Economy Guo Zhanqiang, secretary-general of the association, believes that this means that the low threshold for waste mobile phone recycling industry will change, and it will no longer be an industry that can be engaged in with a screwdriver.
The problem of “clearly marked prices”
More and more Internet players are entering the second-hand mobile phone market, competing and pulling each other in this market, promoting the rapid development of the second-hand mobile phone industry. Data shows that the size of the 3C digital product recycling market has exceeded 100 billion yuan, of which smartphones account for about two-thirds. An emerging industry with a scale of 100 billion yuan is taking shape.
"Around 2020, the merger of Zhuanzhuan and Zhanliangji, and the merger of Paipai and Aihuishou marked the gradual standardization, healthiness, and scale of online transactions of second-hand mobile phones, and at the same time, the industry entered a stage of rapid development." Chang Dalei told " China News Weekly mentioned.
However, "putting a value on a mobile phone has always been a problem." Tong Lei, a mobile phone practitioner, observed that even with the intervention of Internet platforms, the second-hand mobile phone market was actually in a relatively chaotic state until 2017, and there was no reasonable valuation standard for the same mobile phone. "At that time, it was still an empirical evaluation method. It was roughly divided into 4 levels based on Shenzhen's 'parallel import' standards. Pricing was based on appearance, which was divided into new (no scratches, 99 new), good-looking phones (no obvious scratches, 95 new - 98 new), small flowers (slight scratches, 90% new) and large flowers (obvious scratches, 80% new)."
In 2017, Tong Lei changed his business from new mobile phones to second-hand mobile phones. By cooperating with the mobile phone hall of Aihuishou, he auctioned the goods and sold them to his peers in the market. "For example, it is very difficult to recycle iPhone 7S offline because quite a lot of mobile phones will be packaged and sold to local vendors for repair. Offline may only receive 3 to 5 units a day, but on the platform, 50 to 100 units can be collected a day. .”
He defined this year as the first year of integration of second-hand mobile phone channels. The most important reason was that the online trading standards for second-hand mobile phones were initially established. At that time, Aihuishou simply divided pricing into 6 levels, and then gradually developed to 36 levels. "With the support of platform prices, the price of the entire second-hand mobile phone market has gradually stabilized." Tong Lei said frankly that the price is not transparent enough, and it is up to him to decide how much to sell. He made his first pot of gold in the second-hand mobile phone market, and his monthly sales reached more than 2 million yuan that year.
Chen Xiaochen, strategic development director of Zhuanzhuan Group, said that pricing is a complex issue. In addition to considering the entire market situation, including price changes of related upstream and downstream companies, it will also refer to the situation of mobile phone sales, such as whether shipments have become faster or slower recently. Wait, does the brand have any new models released? "The SKUs we face are massive, and with the support of algorithms, each mobile phone needs to be priced individually. There is no standardized price."
“Prices can change every day,” she stressed. An important reason for the price difference is non-standardized products, and different machines have different conditions. Zhuanzhuan mainly judges the differences by conducting quality inspections on mobile phones. "There are fifty or sixty rough standards, and there are hundreds of fine standards." Even if we have been investing in technology, there will be obvious differences between the platform's automated quality inspection and manual quality inspection, or when different people perform inspections. At present, the entire industry standard is still in its early stages, and it is more about enterprise autonomy.
Guo Zhanqiang pointed out that the standard system for second-hand mobile phones is not yet complete. Research and formulate unified industry standards for the second-hand mobile phone trading market can achieve healthy development of the market in the future. But the standardization process is fraught with hardships. As the largest second-hand trading market in China, Shenzhen publicly issued a notice in 2022 to solicit opinions from the society on local standards for the "Second-hand Mobile Phone Transaction Specifications", striving to promote the standardization of the transaction process in the second-hand mobile phone industry. In May 2022, the "Second-hand Mobile Phone Transaction Standards" was officially approved. In 2023, the "Recycling and Recycling Mobile Communication Terminal Series Standards" drafted with the participation of multiple platforms was approved and released, hoping to provide a more professional and detailed methodology for the circulation of second-hand mobile phones.
However, second-hand mobile phone transaction disputes still arise one after another. On Black Cat Complaints, there are tens of thousands of complaints about various second-hand mobile phone trading platforms. The more common ones are that the test report is inconsistent with the actual condition of the product, the quality of the product is not up to standard after purchasing, and malicious price reduction. Many consumers pointed out that the mobile phone was intact and free of defects before being mailed. However, after it was sent, the platform would lower the price due to various reasons such as scratches on the screen and bumps on the device. The price difference reached hundreds or even thousands of yuan.
"The industry is in an unhealthy state, and good products cannot be sold at good prices, but refurbished machines can be sold at higher prices." Tong Lei found that non-compliant refurbished machines have impacted the mobile phone market through multiple channels over the years. His business has developed into lower-tier markets, but stores in many cities do not have the ability to identify whether mobile phones have been repaired or refurbished. Especially in recent years, more refurbished phones have appeared in live streaming e-commerce channels. Driven by the huge traffic, many consumers have purchased such phones without knowing it.
In 2022, the Shenzhen Municipal People's Procuratorate issued the "Shenzhen Procuratorate's Intellectual Property Criminal Compliance Guidelines for the Electronic Product Refurbishment Industry (Trial)". This is the first industrial criminal compliance guideline issued by the procuratorate in the country, which means that China's second-hand 3C refurbishment There will be rules to follow.
"The sources of refurbished accessories must be legal, and the refurbished parts must not infringe on intellectual property rights. Users must be truthfully informed after refurbishment, and finally, users must be given relatively complete after-sales protection." Wang Yongliang said that this guideline can let more second-hand players know what to do. It’s compliance. “Only compliance can have vitality, and bad money will not drive out good money.”
The public lacks “sense of trust”
In 2021, the Beijing Entrepreneurs Environmental Protection Foundation released the "Public Survey Report on Mobile Phone Use and Recycling" (referred to as the "Report"). The data of this report come from 3348 questionnaires across the country. The average number of mobile phones owned by the respondents It is part 4.58.
Survey data shows that when it comes to the disposal of used mobile phones, "keep it at home without processing" and "give it to family or friends" are the most commonly used disposal methods, with 49.5% and 27.9% of respondents choosing these two methods respectively. . In addition, nearly a quarter (24.6%) of the respondents kept more than 3 used mobile phones.
Talking about the reasons for not disposing of their old mobile phones, 61% of the respondents were unwilling to sell their old mobile phones, mainly because they were worried that information security could not be guaranteed after the mobile phones were recycled, and 33.3% of the respondents "didn't know how to dispose of them."
“It’s not that I don’t want to get rid of my old mobile phone, it’s that there is too much personal information in the mobile phone, and it is also bound to bank cards and various accounts.” Many consumers have expressed concerns about data security after getting rid of their old mobile phones. In addition to personal data, In addition to leaking personal privacy, it may also cause economic losses and affect your own safety. It can be seen that privacy and security issues have become the biggest reason restricting users from handing over used mobile phones.
Guo Zhanqiang told China News Weekly that at present, information security issues have been solved to a certain extent. Regular recycling companies have relatively safe and reliable information erasure technology. Handing used mobile phones to regular second-hand mobile phone recycling platforms can basically ensure information security. .
But in reality, there has been a phenomenon that data on second-hand mobile phones can still be recovered after restoring to factory settings, and some criminals have used this to make profits. According to media reports, mobile phone data recovery service prices range from 800 to 2,000 yuan, and offline mobile phone data recovery prices start as low as 5 yuan. The recovered data includes chat records, photos, videos, and address books.
The State Council's "Plan" has repeatedly emphasized the issue of user information security, and proposed to promote the standardization of second-hand electronic product transactions in the implementation of recycling operations to prevent leakage and malicious recovery of user information.
The relevant person in charge of OPPO mentioned that as a mobile phone is an electronic device with strong privacy, data may be recovered even in formatted mode, so comprehensively improving user trust is the current top priority. Chang Dalei believes that it is more important to severely crack down on and punish leaks, malicious use of information obtained in the business process, and malicious recovery of relevant information.
If the user's trust problem can be solved, then it is possible to establish a complete social recycling network system. "The important factor that has always restricted the development of the used mobile phone market is the lack of supply. If idle mobile phones can enter the second-hand market, the supply of used mobile phones will be guaranteed." IDC senior analyst Guo Tianxiang said.
"It is necessary to establish a social recycling system. The challenge lies in making the public aware of the circulation value of used mobile phones and the environmental impact and harm caused by non-standard treatment." Wang Yizhong, general manager of Weixiang Environmental Protection Technology Development (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., told " "China News Weekly", the recycling system of manufacturers and brands has been basically established in recent years, but the social recycling system is not perfect enough.
Du Huanzheng, director of the Institute of Ecological Civilization and Circular Economy at Tongji University, pointed out that at present, the waste mobile phone recycling market has not yet formed a complete recycling system and channel network, making it difficult for consumers to participate in recycling conveniently. To solve this problem, diversified recycling channels can be established, including online platforms, offline stores, community recycling points, etc., to provide consumers with more choices and convenience.
Zheng Huiqiang, a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and deputy director of the Shanghai Municipal People's Congress, once suggested establishing waste mobile phone recycling channels through community and Internet channels, and formulating waste mobile phone disposal standards. In 2016, he proposed in his proposal that the government should take the lead in setting up special waste mobile phone recycling points in community streets, schools, office buildings, etc., and actively encourage community volunteers and public welfare service organizations to learn from the community waste mobile phone recycling program carried out in the UK. Actively participate in the management of used mobile phone recycling points.
Hong Yong, an expert at the 50-person China Digital and Real Integration Forum think tank, believes that it is completely feasible to build a recycling network system across the country. The government-led recycling system can unify standards, standardize operations, and enhance public trust. At the same time, it can use administrative power to promote the optimization of network layout and fill market gaps, especially covering rural and remote areas. In addition, the government can introduce social capital to participate in the construction and operation of outlets through the PPP model to achieve effective integration and utilization of resources.
Environmental protection is the end point
In order to produce medals for the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, the Japanese government began recycling old home appliances, mobile phones, etc. in 2017. In three years, it collected approximately 80,000 tons of small home appliances and 6.21 million used mobile phones, from which 32 kilograms of gold and 3,500 kilograms of silver were extracted. and 2,200 kilograms of copper.
These waste electronic products basically come from private donations, and the participation of the Japanese people has turned "e-waste" into "Olympic medals." This incident has received widespread attention in China, and many people have begun to realize that a small mobile phone is actually "full of treasures."
Du Huanzheng pointed out that the gold content in used mobile phones is about 0.015%, the silver content is about 0.3%, and the copper content is about 20% to 25%.
It is estimated that each ton of scrap mobile phones can extract about 200 grams of gold, 2,200 grams of silver, 100 kilograms of copper and renewable materials and other resources. Liu Jianguo, director of the Solid Waste Control and Resource Research Institute of the School of Environment at Tsinghua University, analyzed that the gold content of general industrial-grade gold mines is only about a few grams per ton. If a used mobile phone is dismantled, classified, refined and reused, it can generate extremely high added value.
Guo Zhanqiang explained that there are usually three ways to use used mobile phones: one is to recondition and rebuild the whole machine as a second-hand mobile phone; the other is to reuse the display, camera, chip, memory and other electronic components obtained after careful disassembly. ; The third is to carry out material recycling after dismantling and crushing. However, improper use of used mobile phones will not only cause a waste of resources, but also cause potential harm to the natural environment and human health.
If used mobile phones and disassembled circuit boards flow into individual small workshops for manual dismantling and informal precious metal refining, after the main components on the mobile phone are manually removed, the remaining components and solder paste on the circuit board are heated at high temperatures Falling off, this operation is extremely harmful to the worker's health. In addition, circuit boards and other raw materials are burned in the open air or put into furnaces for indigenous smelting to form a mixture of copper, gold and other metals. Those components that have no second-hand value will be ground into powder and put into " "Acid washing" is carried out in "Aqua Regia" to extract gold and other precious metals. The current method of extracting precious metals through indigenous smelting and "aqua regia" pickling has no environmental protection measures, has a huge negative impact on the environment, and has a low resource recovery rate.
Since the 1980s and 1990s, more than 100,000 people in Guiyu Town, Shantou City, Guangdong have been engaged in the dismantling of electronic waste in small-scale family workshops, extracting precious metals and other materials for resale. However, this simple and crude dismantling method resulted in serious pollution of local soil, water and air. It was not until ten years ago that the local government of Guiyu made up its mind to standardize the industry and build a circular economy industrial park with supporting environmental protection treatment facilities.
On March 1, 2016, the latest version of the "Catalogue for Disposal of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products" was implemented, and mobile phones were included for the first time. The promulgation and implementation of a series of laws and regulations such as the "Regulations on the Recycling and Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products", the "Circular Economy Promotion Law", and the "Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Waste" have promoted the gradual standardization of the development of the waste mobile phone recycling industry.
Guo Zhanqiang believes that at present, my country's waste mobile phone recycling industry is expanding rapidly and has entered a golden opportunity period for development. Relevant reports from Zhiyan Consulting also show that during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, the total number of idle mobile phones in my country is expected to reach 6 billion, and the potential value of my country's second-hand mobile phones exceeds 600 billion yuan.
However, in real recycling, most of the used mobile phones still end up in small workshops. Weixiang China entered the Chinese market in 2005. At that time, China was in the early stages of manufacturing development and electronic waste became a problem that had to be dealt with. "There were two technical factions at that time. One was informal, such as extensive, family-workshop-style processing; the other was through classification and dismantling, combining the dismantled materials with physical and chemical processing methods to refine them. Valuable metal and non-metal solutions." Wang Yizhong mentioned that the advantage of this solution is to extract valuable components to the maximum extent, and at the same time, using processes such as crushing can also protect the manufacturers of these products and their information to the maximum extent. Security and Intellectual Property.
In his view, environmental protection is the end point of all waste mobile phone recycling industries. If waste products can be transported to a standardized recycling system, economic benefits will eventually be generated and the industry chain will benefit. "We can even resupply the refined gold, silver and copper to the front end of the supply chain to manufacture new products, forming a true cycle."
"The purpose of replacing old items with new ones is to stimulate consumption, which will inevitably produce a larger amount of waste. A balance must be struck in the middle. The key point is the development of the recycling industry. Whoever produces this thing must be responsible for it. Then this forces companies to start thinking about which materials are easy to recycle and regenerate, and the front-end manufacturing links will become green and pay more attention to low carbon." Liu Jianguo explained the current development logic of recycling used mobile phones.
He emphasized that after revitalizing the stock and activating the increase, it can also promote the development of the recycling industry, which plays an important role in supporting the high-quality development of the future economy.
Based on the average of the past ten years, Weixiang China recycles 1.5 million to 2 million mobile phones in China every year. At the moment, Wang Yizhong is paying close attention to the policy on recycling and processing of used mobile phones. "Environmental protection processing companies like ours have processing capabilities that far exceed the current actual recycling volume, and they are still in a state of not having enough to eat."
The State Council's "Plan" emphasizes the need to strengthen policy guarantees, including increasing fiscal policy support, such as the central government setting up special funds to support the recycling and processing of waste electrical and electronic products.
At the subsidy level, Hong Yong suggested that a special fund should be set up to clarify the subsidy standards and payment mechanism to ensure fairness and transparency; subsidies should also be linked to mobile phone environmental performance, recycling rate and other indicators to encourage manufacturers to produce products that are easier to recycle and have higher resource utilization rates. high-quality products; in addition, cross-regional and cross-department cooperation should be encouraged to integrate resources and avoid duplication of subsidies; diversified policy tools such as tax incentives and low-interest loans should be combined to reduce the operating costs of recycling and processing enterprises; finally, the effect of subsidies should be regularly evaluated and based on Market feedback dynamically adjusts policies to ensure that policies are accurate and efficient.
"China News Weekly" Issue 13, 2024
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