Why is the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded to these three?

　　"It's no surprise that the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to these three people this year."

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Beijing News reporter Xie Lian edited Zhang Shujing

　　"It is no surprise that the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to these three people this year." On the afternoon of October 4, former researcher of the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, former chief scientist of the Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Li Zhengdao Institute of Shanghai Jiaotong University said Professor Xi Ding Hong said in an interview with a reporter from the Beijing News that the three scientists were also expected to win the award.

　　On the afternoon of October 4th, Beijing time, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics will be awarded to French scientist Alain Aspect, American scientist John F. Clauser and Austrian Scientist Anton Zeilinger for their "experiments on entangled photons, verification of violations of Bell's inequality and pioneering quantum information science".

They will share an average of 10 million Swedish kronor (about 6.47 million yuan) in prize money.

　　Ding Hong said that the research value of these three scientists mainly has two aspects. One is to prove that quantum has entanglement, that is, to prove that quantum mechanics is correct, which also proves a mistake of Einstein; The pioneering experiment paves the way for the future development of quantum information technology, especially quantum communication.

Who are the winners?

　　Aspe, Krause, and Zeilinger won the Nobel Prize in Physics, which many people expected.

The main reason is that the three won the Wolf Prize in Physics in 2010, in recognition of their achievements in the field of quantum entanglement, and established the foundation for quantum information technologies such as quantum communication and quantum computing.

　　Twelve years later, the three scientists shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to quantum information science and technology.

　　In a statement on Oct. 4, the Nobel Committee for the Physics Prize said that Asper, Krause and Zeilinger conducted groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, confirming the potential to study and control particles in entangled states.

The experimental results clear the way for the development of new technologies related to quantum information.

　　Alain Aspe, 75, is a French physicist, professor at Paris-Saclay University and Ecole Polytechnique, a member of the French Academy of Sciences, and a senior research fellow at the Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study at City University of Hong Kong.

　　According to the City University of Hong Kong's website, Aspe is known for his experiments that reveal the most interesting properties of quantum mechanics.

In 1982, his test of Bell's inequality for entangled photons helped to settle the quantum mechanics debate between Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr.

　　John Krautzer, born in California, USA in December 1942, is a well-known American experimental physicist and theoretical physicist.

　　According to his official website, Krause is best known for his contributions to the foundations of quantum mechanics, especially his Krause-Horn-Simeone-Hoult inequality (CHSH), the first experimentally proven equation The reality of nonlocal quantum entanglement, and the theory that shaped local realism.

　　Anton Zeilinger, 77, is an Austrian quantum physicist, a professor of physics at the University of Vienna, and a senior scientist at the Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences.

　　According to the official website of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Zeilinger is known for his pioneering conceptual and experimental contributions to the foundations of quantum physics, especially his experimental and theoretical work in the field of quantum entanglement.

What is the value of this research?

　　"The greatest practical application value of these three scientists' research on quantum entanglement is to promote the development of modern quantum information technology, especially quantum communication and quantum computing." Ding Hong explained to the Beijing News reporter.

　　According to the Nobel Prize official website, at present, quantum mechanics has gradually begun to be applied, and research on quantum computers, quantum networks, and quantum encrypted communication has received more and more attention.

　　A key influence in advancing quantum information technology is how quantum mechanics allows two or more particles to exist in an entangled state—because the state of one particle in an entangled pair determines the state of the other particle, even if they are very far apart.

　　The crux of the question has long been whether this correlation is because the particles in entangled pairs contain hidden variables that "indicate" how they behave in experiments.

In the 1960s, John Stuart Bell formulated Bell's inequality, which states that if there are hidden variables, the correlation between a large number of measurements will never exceed a certain value.

But quantum mechanics predicts that certain types of experiments will violate Bell's inequality, leading to stronger correlations.

　　Krautzer developed an actual experiment, and his measurements supported quantum mechanics by apparently violating Bell's inequality, meaning that quantum mechanics could not be superseded by theories using hidden variables.

Asper took this experiment a step further, closing important loopholes.

Zeilinger started using quantum entangled states, and his research group also demonstrated a phenomenon known as quantum teleportation, which can move a quantum state from one particle to another at great distances.

　　"Simply put, these three scientists have proved that quantum is entangled, and to a certain extent, it has proved a mistake of Einstein, because he was against it." Ding Hong said, "Several scientists have come to The basic experiments were completed in the 1970s and 1980s, but the verification has not been completed until this year."

　　He further pointed out that from the perspective of specific applications, the three scientists have proved through groundbreaking experiments that quantum entanglement is non-local, that is to say, quantum entanglement can perform superluminal transmission over long distances. Using this, One can carry out research on quantum communication and quantum cryptography.

　　Anders Ilbeck, chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics, said, "It is increasingly clear that a new quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the research on entangled states by the laureates is very important, even beyond fundamental questions about the interpretation of quantum mechanics."

　　Currently, researchers are advancing technologies to exploit the special properties of individual particle systems to build quantum computers, improve measurements, build quantum networks, and develop secure quantum encrypted communications.

Link: Little Knowledge of Nobel Prize in Physics

　　The Nobel Prize in Physics was the first award mentioned by Alfred Nobel in his will.

From 1901 to 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 115 times, of which 47 have been awarded to a single laureate, 32 have been shared by two laureates, and 36 have been shared by three laureates.

　　As of 2021, there are 219 Nobel Laureates in Physics.

Among them, American scientist John Bardeen is the only one who has won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice in 1956 and 1972, which means that a total of 218 people have won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

　　The youngest Nobel Laureate in Physics was Lawrence Bragg, who was 25 when he shared the prize with his father Henry Bragg in 1915.

The oldest Nobel Laureate in Physics is Arthur Askin, who was 96 when he won in 2018.

　　Among the six Nobel Prizes, the Physics Prize is the second least awarded by women, only more than the Nobel Prize in Economics, which has only two women.

As of 2021, a total of 4 women have won the Nobel Prize in Physics, namely Marie Curie (1903, 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry), Maria Mayer (1963), Donna Sturt Rickland (2018), Andrea Gates (2020).

　　According to People's Daily Online, the Nobel Prize in Physics focuses on four areas: particle physics, astrophysics, condensed matter physics, atomic and molecular and photophysics.

But the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for the first time to climatologists Syukuro Manabe and Klaus Hasselmann for their work in "Modeling the Earth's climate, quantifying climate change" and reliable predictions of global warming”; Giorgio Parisi was awarded the same year for his “discovery of the interaction of disorder and fluctuation in physical systems ranging from atomic to planetary scales”.