Which positions are more popular among college graduates in 2012
Author: Yue Changjun
"Guangming Daily" (14th edition on January 4, 2022)
What is the employment situation in 2021? The research team of Peking University’s "National Survey on Employment of College Graduates" conducted a questionnaire survey on college graduates from June 2021.
The sample includes 34 colleges and universities in 19 provinces in the eastern, central and western regions of my country, with a sample size of more than 20,000.
Statistics show that in 2021, the employment situation of college graduates in my country is generally stable.
Details are as follows:
The concept of "slow employment" will increase slightly in 2021
In terms of the overall implementation rate, there is not much difference between 2021 and 2019 before the epidemic.
The destination structure of graduates in 2021 is basically similar to that in 2019. It has been determined that the proportion of units, entering a higher education, going abroad, self-employment, freelance, and other flexible employment has not changed significantly.
Among them, the proportion of unit employment was 32.1%, a decrease of 5.3 percentage points from 2019.
The role of the "reservoir" of higher education talents is significant, and the proportion of entering higher education is 29.3%, an increase of 4 percentage points from 2019.
The proportion of self-employment increased slightly (up by 0.8%), the proportion of self-employment was basically the same, and the proportion of going abroad and other flexible employment decreased slightly compared with 2019.
The data also shows that the employment concept of “slow employment”, “slow employment”, and “lazy employment” increased slightly in 2021. 7.9% of graduates chose “not to be employed for further studies” or “other temporary unemployed”, compared with 2019 An increase of 1.8 percentage points.
If these graduates choose to be actively employed, the overall implementation rate will be further improved.
There are significant differences in academic qualifications in graduation destinations.
The employment advantages of masters and doctoral students are obvious, with the proportions being 64.5% and 54.6%, respectively. Affected by the expansion of graduate enrollment, undergraduates have a significant advantage in entering higher education, which is 35.3%; junior college students are in self-employment, freelance and other flexible The employment ratio is significantly higher than that of graduates with other academic qualifications, with a total ratio of 24.0%.
The implementation rate has significant differences in academic qualifications, schools, disciplines, and regions.
In terms of academic qualifications, the implementation rate of master's students is the highest (82.2%), the implementation rate of undergraduates is the lowest (74.4%), and the implementation rates of junior college students (80.6%) and doctoral students (77.9%) are ranked second and second, respectively. Three, the implementation rate of graduates of all academic qualifications has reached more than 70%.
In terms of types of schools, the implementation rate of first-class universities was the highest (82.2%); followed by higher vocational colleges and first-class discipline-building universities, with implementation rates of 81.4% and 81.0%, respectively; private colleges/independent colleges and ordinary undergraduate colleges The implementation rate is relatively low, 70.8% and 71.6%, respectively; the implementation rate of various colleges and universities has reached more than 70%.
In terms of different disciplines, the implementation rates of engineering and science are significantly higher, 83.6% and 79.3% respectively; the implementation rates of education, medicine, and agriculture are lower, all below 70%, at 66.3%, 68.3%, and 68.9%, respectively .
Employment income has increased slightly from 2019 before the epidemic
From the perspective of the employment quality reflected by objective income, the value of human capital is effectively reflected in the job market. The higher the degree, the more income.
In 2021, the arithmetic averages of monthly starting salaries for doctoral, master, undergraduate, and junior college students are 14,823 yuan, 10113 yuan, 5825 yuan, and 3910 yuan respectively; the medians are 15,000 yuan, 9,000 yuan, 5,000 yuan, and 3,500 yuan respectively.
The average income of graduates of all academic levels has increased compared to 2019 before the epidemic, reflecting that the quality of employment has not only not declined, but has also increased steadily.
There are significant differences in schools, disciplines, and employment areas in monthly starting salaries.
In terms of different types of schools, first-class universities have the highest monthly starting salary of 10,827 yuan; second, first-class discipline-building universities, 7346 yuan; third, ordinary undergraduate colleges, 6043 yuan.
In terms of subject categories, engineering, science, and interdisciplinary subjects ranked the top three, with 8,341 yuan, 7,909 yuan, and 7,838 yuan respectively.
Economics and management, which are popular among college entrance examination volunteers, do not show special advantages in income, indicating that there is a market demand for graduates in various disciplines.
The college entrance examination application should choose subjects and majors based on personal interests and expertise. Only in this way can the efficiency of matching the roles of the labor market be improved, thereby promoting high-quality economic development.
In terms of employment regions, monthly starting salaries in the eastern, central and western regions are respectively 7,620 yuan, 5868 yuan, and 5,512 yuan. The eastern region has relatively higher income from employment.
Employment distribution is basically similar to 2019 before the epidemic
Judging from the employment distribution of graduates from established units, the unbalanced structure of my country's labor market is more prominent.
The uneven distribution of regions, urban and rural areas, industries, units, occupations, etc. is characterized by significant characteristics.
Compared with 2019 before the epidemic, the urban-rural distribution, industry distribution, and unit distribution of graduate employment did not show great volatility.
In terms of urban and rural distribution, provincial capital cities or municipalities account for more than half of employment, accounting for 54.9%; followed by prefecture-level cities, accounting for 27.3%; county-level cities or county towns, accounting for third, accounting for 12.3%; townships And the proportion of rural areas is very low, only 4.1% and 1.5% respectively.
The county level and below are also places where graduates can do a lot of work (17.9%).
my country has built a moderately prosperous society and eliminated the poor population in an all-round way.
The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed to implement a rural revitalization plan to achieve common prosperity in the future.
Therefore, the employment of graduates at the county level and below not only provides opportunities for social development in the new era, but is also the unshirkable responsibility of college students to contribute to society.
From the perspective of industry distribution, the characteristics of high industry concentration of employment still exist. Economic transformation and development and industrial structure adjustment have caused significant changes in the ranking of industry employment.
In 2021, education, manufacturing, information transmission, software and information technology services (hereinafter referred to as "IT"), finance, scientific research and technical services will become the top five industries, accounting for 15.1%, 14.5%, 13.1%, 8.5% and 7.4%, the total is 58.6%.
Compared with 2019, education still remains at No. 1, manufacturing industry has risen from No. 3 to No. 2, while IT industry has dropped from No. 2 to No. 3. The financial industry still ranks No. 4. The technical service industry replaced the construction industry in fifth place.
This year's "Government Work Report" proposes to "maintain the basic stability of the manufacturing sector." From the perspective of the industry distribution of graduate employment, this goal has been well implemented.
The manufacturing industry has not only increased its ranking, but its proportion has increased by 2.6 percentage points from 2019.
Facing the turbulent international situation, improving independent innovation capabilities and breaking through key technologies is a key issue in constructing my country's new development pattern.
During the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, my country will further increase its investment in research and development and attract graduate employment.
This move has increased the proportion of scientific research and technical service industries by 2.7 percentage points compared to 2019, ranking it among the top 5 for the first time.
From the perspective of the nature of the unit distribution, enterprises are the main units that absorb graduates. About three-quarters of the graduates who have confirmed their work units have gone to enterprises (73.8%).
Private enterprises accounted for the largest proportion, absorbing more than one-third of graduates (35.2%); state-owned enterprises ranked second, accounting for 25.0%; the role of foreign-funded enterprises cannot be ignored, accounting for 6.6 %.
Nearly half (49.3%) of college graduates entered the system (state-owned enterprises, party and government agencies, institutions), of which 9.0% of them worked in primary and secondary schools and colleges and universities.
Since the reform and opening up, our private enterprises have developed into an important supporting force for the social economy and an important focus for "stabilizing employment."
College students should have a higher perspective, not confining themselves to the work circle within the system, and working in private enterprises and foreign-funded enterprises can also contribute to the country and society.
Students should establish this point of view: As long as they can make use of what they have learned, contribute to the country and society, help others, and reflect the value of life, work is a good job.
Therefore, for fresh graduates who are still looking for jobs, they must actively adjust their employment concepts and mentality, actively learn about employment information and job-seeking skills from schools, teachers, classmates, etc., and work hard to find jobs according to their own abilities. I believe that hard work will be rewarded. Can find a "good job" that suits you.
(Author: Yue Changjun, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Educational Economics, Peking University)