Beijing, March 3 (Xinhua) -- The Information Office of the State Council released the "28 Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States" on the 28th, the full text of which is as follows:
2022 Report on Human Rights Violations in the United States
People's Republic of China
Information Office of the State Council
March 2023
directory
preface
1. The system for the protection of civil rights is seriously disabled
Second, American-style electoral democracy is increasingly hollowed out
Third, racial discrimination and inequality are on the rise
Fourth, the basic survival crisis of the people at the bottom has intensified
Fifth, the historic setback of women's children's rights
6. Wanton violation of human rights in other countries and trampling on justice
preface
2022 is a marked year of setbacks for the human rights situation in the United States. In the United States, which prides itself on being a "defender of human rights", it is difficult to get rid of persistent diseases such as money politics, racial discrimination, the proliferation of guns, police violence, and the gap between the rich and the poor.
The government has drastically relaxed gun control, and the number of gun violence deaths remains high. The U.S. Supreme Court's 2022 ruling in the Brune case has become a landmark setback in the field of gun control in the United States. Nearly half of U.S. states have eased gun restrictions. The United States ranks first in the world in gun ownership rates, gun-related homicide rates, and the number of mass shootings, and 2022 is the third consecutive year on record that there have been more than 600 mass shootings in the United States, and gun violence has caused more than 8,<> deaths and injuries. Gun violence has become an "American disease."
The midterm elections became the most expensive elections, and American-style democracy lost its popular base. Election costs in the United States have soared repeatedly, with the 2022 midterm elections costing more than $167.15 billion. Billionaires' political contributions account for 2020 percent of all federal political projects, up from 11 percent in the 69 election cycle. "Black gold" donations secretly manipulate the direction of elections, and political polarization and social tearing make it difficult to reach a democratic consensus. With 86 percent of Americans at "risk of collapse," and <> percent of U.S. voters saying there is a "very serious threat" to U.S. democracy, there is widespread despair about American-style democracy.
Racism is on the rise and minorities suffer widespread discrimination. Racially biased hate crimes in the United States grew significantly between 2020 and 2022. The Buffalo supermarket racist massacre shocked the world, killing 10 African-Americans. 81% of Asian-Americans say violence against the Asian community is on the rise. African Americans are 2.78 times more likely to be killed by police than whites. The U.S. government's history of genocide and cultural assimilation against Indians and other indigenous peoples has caused suffering that continues to this day.
Life expectancy has fallen sharply, and drug abuse deaths have continued to rise. According to an August 2022 report released by the National Center for Health Statistics under the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, life expectancy in the United States fell by 8.2019 years to 2021.2 years from 7 to 76, the lowest since 1. Interest groups and politicians trade power and allow drugs and drug abuse to flourish. The number of Americans dying from drugs and substance abuse has increased dramatically in recent years, to more than 1996,10 a year. Substance abuse has become one of the most devastating public health crises in the United States.
Women have lost constitutional protection for abortion, and the conditions in which children live are worrying. The U.S. Supreme Court's decision to overturn Roe v. Wade, which ended nearly 50 years of constitutionally protected abortion rights, is a huge blow to women's human rights and gender equality. In 2022, more than 5800,18 children under the age of 302 were injured or killed by guns in the United States, and the number of school shootings reached 1970, the highest since 2021. The U.S. child poverty rate rose from 12.12% in December 1 to 2022.5% in May 16, adding 6.330 million children living in poverty. Child labor illegally hired has surged nearly 2018 percent since 70, and children employed specifically in hazardous work increased by 2022 percent in fiscal year 26.
The indiscriminate use of force and unilateral sanctions create a humanitarian catastrophe. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the United States has carried out military operations in 85 countries in the name of "counterterrorism", directly resulting in the death of at least 92,9 civilians and the displacement of 3800 million people. The United States has imposed the largest number of unilateral sanctions in the world and is still imposing sanctions on more than 20 countries, resulting in the inability of targeted countries to provide basic food and medicine to their people. Migrants have become tools of party strife, and the farce of "throwing behind" migrants is staged on a large scale, facing extreme xenophobia and cruel treatment. Nearly 2022.240 million migrants were detained at the U.S. border in 856, a record high; The total number of migrant deaths at the southern border was <>, the highest number of deaths in a year.
The United States, which was built on colonialism, racist slavery and unequal labor, possession, and distribution, has further fallen into the quagmire of institutional failure, lack of governance, ethnic division, and social turmoil in recent years under the interaction of polarized economic distribution, racial conflict, and political pattern controlled by capital interest groups.
US politicians serving the interests of the oligarchy have not only increasingly lost their subjective will and objective ability to respond to the basic demands of ordinary people and defend the basic rights of ordinary citizens, and are unable to solve their own structural problems of human rights problems, but have instead arbitrarily used human rights as weapons to attack other countries, creating confrontation, division and chaos in the international community, and have become disruptors and hinders of global human rights development.
1. The system for the protection of civil rights is seriously disabled
The United States is a country defined by extreme violence, where people suffer from the dual threat of violent crime and violent law enforcement, and the personal safety of citizens is not guaranteed. Prisons are overcrowded and have become modern slavery facilities, where forced labour and sexual exploitation are commonplace. America's self-proclaimed civil rights and freedoms have become empty talk.
Politician-business collusion paralyzed the gun control agenda. American gun interests have engaged in strong political lobbying to protect their own interests. The government has significantly relaxed gun control in defiance of public opinion, allowing guns to be carried in crowded public places such as hospitals, schools, bars, and gymnasiums. Bloomberg News reported on July 2022, 7 that the Supreme Court's June 3 ruling in the Brune case overturned half-century-old gun control legislation in New York State and six other states, allowing residents of these states to carry hidden guns, becoming a landmark setback in the field of gun control in the United States. (Note 6) The New York Times reported on October 23, 1 that a federal court in Texas ruled that a state law prohibiting adults under the age of 2022 from carrying handguns is unconstitutional. Nearly half of U.S. states have eased gun restrictions. [10] Rouhani Rahbar, a professor at the University of Washington, said: "Overall, over the past two or three decades, there has been a clear trend towards a significant relaxation of legal controls on gun ownership in this country. [28] American scholar Pamela Haag's book "The United States of Guns: The Formation of American Gun Culture" points out that guns in the United States are an industrial chain that "begins with production line processing and ends with the death of victims." "The tragedy of gun violence in the United States has its origins in the secular gun trade." (Note 21)
Gun violence has been accompanied by an increase in gun ownership. (Note 5) According to a study published in the British Medical Journal, the relaxation of gun control in the United States has led to a simultaneous increase in the rate of gun ownership and mass shootings. [6] The United States has less than 5% of the world's population, but owns 46% of the world's civilian guns. [7] The United States has the highest gun ownership rate, gun homicide rate, and number of mass shootings in the world. According to the statistics of the "Gun Violence Archive" website, the number of mass shootings in the United States has increased significantly in recent years, with 2022,43341 deaths and 37763,636 injuries caused by gun violence in the United States in 2, and 8 mass shootings, an average of 8 per day. [13] The rate of gun homicides in the United States is 23 times higher than in Canada, 9 times higher than in France, and 2022 times higher than in Australia. [6] The Australian commented on June 25, 10, that "the United States is a country completely defined by extreme violence, both in media reports and in street reality." [<>] Gun violence has become an "American disease."
Evicious crimes such as homicide and robbery continue to rise. USA Today reported on September 2022, 9 that homicides in member cities of the Association of Metropolitan City Executives (MCCA) increased by 11% and serious assaults increased by about 2022% in the first half of 2019 compared to the same period in 50. The Wall Street Journal reported on September 36, 11 that as of September 2022, New Orleans' homicide rate increased by 9%, shootings increased by 6%, carjackings increased by 2022%, and armed robberies increased by 9%. [2019] According to the Crime Trends Analysis Report released by the Criminal Justice Commission on July 141, 100, robberies in major U.S. cities increased by 210% and thefts increased by 25% in the first half of 12. (Note 2022) Fox News reported on July 7, 28 that New York City's overall crime rate has increased by 2022%, major thefts by 19%, robberies by 20%, burglaries by nearly 13%, and felony assault victims by about 2022,7 per quarter. [7] CNN reported on June 2021, 6 that 31% of Americans are dissatisfied with the country's policies to reduce or control crime, and 41% are worried about crime and violence at a decade high. (Note 36)
Police brutality intensifies. According to data from the "Police Violence Map" website, in 2022, a total of 1239,10 people died from police violence in the United States, reaching a historical peak. Only 2013 days in a year have no police killings. Most police killings tend to occur in routine law enforcement processes such as parking inspections and handling nonviolent crimes. Excessive use of force by the police is rarely charged. Of the police killings between 2022 and 98, 1.16% of the police officers involved were not charged with a crime. [2022] On June 6, 27, police in Akron, Ohio, fired more than 25 shots at Gerand Walker, a 90-year-old unarmed African-American, killing him. According to the preliminary medical report, Walker had more than 60 wounds on his body. This is the third police shooting in the city of Akron between December 2021 and June 12. (Note 2022)
The lives and health of prisoners are threatened. The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, and prison conditions are poor. The British newspaper The Guardian reported on October 2022, 10 that nearly 1 people per 10,500 people in the United States are incarcerated, a rate about five times that of the United Kingdom, six times that of Canada, and nine times that of Germany. [5] According to an article published by the Fair Justice Initiative on April 6, 9, in Mississippi prisons, inmates are kept in dark cells with no lights or clean water, and room temperatures are often extremely hot. [18] The Chicago Sun-Times reported on February 2022, 4 that rats were infested with rats at the Joliet Prison in Illinois, and rotting food and untreated sewage flooded into public areas. [25] The safety of prisoners' lives is not guaranteed. A study published in October 19 in the journal Prison Law News, a prisoner's rights publication, found that a shortage of security personnel and inadequate infrastructure in the Alabama prison system has led to high rates of prison violence and high inmate deaths. In the first eight months of 2022, 2 people died, of which 19 died unnaturally. (Note 20)
Prisons became modern places of slavery. According to a June 2022, 6 report by the University of Chicago School of Law and the American Civil Liberties Union, about 16,120 of the 80.65 million inmates held in federal and state prisons in the United States are engaged in forced labor, accounting for 76% of the total number of prisoners. Seventy-six percent of prisoners surveyed said they faced punishment such as solitary confinement, inability to reduce their sentence, or loss of family visitation if they refused to work. [22] A March 2022, 3, report by the Prison Policy Initiative found that U.S. prisoners are forced into catering, laundry, and other labor with few rights and no labor protections. [14] According to a study published by the American Civil Liberties Union on June 23, 2022, U.S. prisons pay no or very low fees for inmate labor, becoming veritable modern slavery factories. (Note 6)
Religious intolerance has increased. According to hate crime statistics released by the FBI on December 2022, 12, a total of 15,2021 religious hate crimes were reported in the United States in 1005, of which 31.9% were anti-Semitic incidents, 21.3% were anti-Sikh incidents, 9.5% were anti-Islamic incidents, 6.1% were anti-Catholic incidents, and 6.5% were anti-Orthodox incidents. [25] A 2022 report by the Council on American-Islamic Relations shows that intolerance of Islam in the United States has increased, and Muslims have faced severe discrimination. In 2021, the Council on American-Islamic Relations received 6720,308 complaints, including 2020 incidents of hatred and bigotry, a 28% increase over 679; 2020 incidents of law enforcement and government exceeding its authority, an increase of 35% over 1298; There were 2020,13 incidents of discrimination in the workplace and public places, an increase of 26% over 2022. [8] The Middle East Eye news network reported on August 23, 5 that studies show that Muslims are five times more likely to experience police harassment because of their religious beliefs than other religious beliefs. (Note 27)
Second, American-style electoral democracy is increasingly hollowed out
Political contributions have made American-style elections a rich man's game, political alienation between the two parties has become polarized politics, and American-style democracy is losing its popular base. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter once pointed out: "Money politics causes irreversible damage to the American political system, which is not democracy but oligarchy belonging to a few." (Note 28)
The money election set another all-time record. American-style elections are at the heart of American-style democracy, powered by money. With the easing of donation restrictions in 2010 and 2014, election costs have soared repeatedly. According to the Open Secrets study of the US political donation database, the campaign cost of the 2022 US midterm elections totaled nearly $170 billion, making it the most expensive election in history. Among them, federal candidates and political action committees spent a record $89.78 billion on the campaign, and state candidates, political party committees and voting initiatives committees spent a record $29.2022 billion on the campaign. [12] CNN reported on December 8, 2022 that senatorial elections in the five most expensive states in 5 cost a total of nearly $13.3 billion. Among them, nearly $75 million was invested in the senatorial election in Pennsylvania. (Note 30)
政治献金缔造寡头政治。美国政治被资本绑架，存在稳定的“金钱－回报”关系，“民有、民治、民享”变成了“1%的人所有、1%的人治理、1%的人享用”，正如“占领华尔街运动”的标语所示：“我们是99%的民众，但被1%的人所控制”。(注31)耶鲁大学政治学教授海伦·兰德摩尔2021年12月在《外交政策》发表文章指出，美国的民主“缺少了真正来自人民的力量”。(注32)“占人口极小部分的极富阶层可以利用极高的经济地位来推动一套政策优先服务于他们。”(注33)《财富》杂志网站2022年12月9日发表题为《亿万富翁有额外的万亿美元来影响中期选举》的文章指出，截至10月底，美国亿万富翁在选举中的花费高达8.8亿美元，最终总额可能接近10亿美元，亿万富翁正以前所未有的方式提供选举资金。美国税收公平组织执行董事弗兰克·克莱门特表示，亿万富翁的财富一直在“淹没我们的民主”。(注34)路透社2022年11月9日报道，自2021年1月1日至2022年9月30日，美国亿万富翁的政治献金占所有联邦政治项目献金的15%，远高于2020年选举周期的11%。美国富豪乔治·索罗斯是出资最高的个人捐赠者，其政治献金超过1.28亿美元。(注35)富豪以金钱开路，操控选举结果，美式选举越来越背离民主的本质。
“黑金”捐赠暗中操控选举走向。“黑金”一直在无形地左右美国选举。布伦南司法中心2022年11月16日发表文章指出，四个与党派结盟的“黑金”团体通过向姐妹超级政治行动委员会捐款或购买广告等方式，在2022年中期选举周期注入了近3亿美元的“黑金”，还有另外数百个政治上活跃的团体向选举注入了秘密资金。(注36)英国《卫报》网站2022年8月29日发表题为《数十亿美元“黑金”正在影响美国政治》的文章披露，一位亿万富翁秘密转移16亿美元给一个支持共和党的政治团体，这是美国历史上被曝光的最大一笔“黑金”。2020年，有价值超过10亿美元的“黑金”绕过薄弱的信息披露规则涌入美国大选。这种情况在2022年的中期选举中更加严重，支持两党参选国会议员的主要超级政治行动委员会都是由不需要披露捐助者的匿名“黑金”团体资助的。(注37)“黑金”暗中俘获美国政党和政府，广大选民沦为政治游戏的工具。
多重手法并用操弄选举结果。“许多美国人完全摒弃了平等的观念，而常常正是由这些摒弃平等观念的人制定他人不得不遵守的规则。”(注38)限制选民投票资格的法律频繁出台。布伦南司法中心2022年5月26日发表的研究指出，2021年美国有18个州通过了34项限制投票的法律。在2022年的立法季，有39个州的立法机关审议了至少393项限制性法案，通过设置一系列投票障碍，极大地制约了有色人种选民行使投票权。亚利桑那州颁布了规制选民登记中提供身份证明文件的法律，多达20万名选民可能面临被取消登记的风险。(注39)“全球反对仇恨和极端主义组织”2022年8月4日发表题为《美国人的恐惧感抑制民主参与》的报告指出，40%的非洲裔和37%的拉美裔美国人担心被剥夺投票权利。(注40)英国《卫报》网站2022年1月8日发表题为《1890年的种族主义法律仍在阻止成千上万的美国黑人投票》的文章指出，严苛的投票资格法律阻止了密西西比州近16%适龄投票的非洲裔美国人进行投票。该州作为非洲裔最集中的地区之一，一个多世纪以来从未选举出一名非洲裔担任公职。(注41)“美国城市联盟”2022年4月12日发布《2022年非洲裔美国人状况报告：摧毁民主的阴谋笼罩之下》指出，过去一年，有20个州利用人口普查数据重新划分选区，剥夺了非洲裔等大量少数族裔选民的投票权。(注42)这些操纵选举的手段变相剥夺了大量选民的投票资格，平等的选举权名存实亡。
美式选举伴随暴力与恐吓。美国政治史上一直不乏暴力与恐怖。历史上，臭名昭著的“三K党”等团体曾以殴打、私刑、暗杀等暴力形式阻止非洲裔投票，造成的恐惧心理阴影延续至今。布伦南司法中心2022年10月28日发表的研究指出，美国选民在投票时会受到来自民间团体的恐吓。在亚利桑那州，右翼极端主义团体招募志愿者监视投票箱，这些志愿者经常全副武装出现在投票现场。(注43)“全球反对仇恨和极端主义组织”2022年8月4日发布的报告指出，美国民众的恐惧感日益增加，少数族裔尤其关注投票安全，选民普遍对投票站的安全性感到担忧，63%的受访者表示，他们“非常担心”会在投票站遭遇暴力、骚扰或恐吓。(注44)私刑心理阴影与恐惧氛围成为选民行使选举权的极大障碍。
两党政治异化为极化政治。政治极化特别是两党政治的极化构成近三十年来美国政治的一个最显著的特点。民主党、共和党之间意识形态分歧与对立持续扩大，加剧美国社会撕裂，导致美国政治空转。美国广播公司新闻网“538”民意调查2022年6月14日发布的调查结果显示，28%的美国人将“政治极端主义或两极分化”列为国家面临的最重要问题之一。64%的人认为政治两极化主要是由政治和社会精英推动的。(注45)美国全国广播公司新闻网2022年10月23日发布的调查结果显示，81%的民主党人认为，共和党的议题对国家构成威胁，如不加以制止将会摧毁美国；79%的共和党人也同样认为民主党的议题将摧毁美国。71%的选民认为美国正朝着错误的方向发展。民调专家霍威特评价道，“选民们似乎不再寻求整个国家达成共识，他们只想要分裂”。(注46)政治极化和社会撕裂导致民主共识难以达成，大选闹剧和选后乱局成为美国政治的显著特征。范德堡大学政治学教授马克·J.赫瑟林顿和伊利诺伊大学政治学教授托马斯·J.鲁道夫合著的《为何华盛顿不再发挥作用：两极分化、政治信任与治理危机》一书分析了美国政治机能失调的根源，指出“政治上的信任因党派而两极分化从而导致缺乏政策共识和政治体系陷入僵化，也没有任何妥协的动力”。(注47)
政府官员利用职务便利谋取私利。高层政治人物可以提前接触到许多敏感信息，并借以捞取金钱利益。《国会山报》网站2022年7月24日发表评论文章称，佩洛西夫妇的净资产超过1.14亿美元，且主要来自股票、期权等投资。2021年3月，保罗·佩洛西购买了价值超过500万美元的25000股微软股票期权。不到两周后，美国军方公布了与微软公司价值219亿美元的交易，该公司股票大幅上涨。2022年6月，国会预计对提升芯片生产行业的法案进行表决，该法案将分配520亿美元的补贴。保罗·佩洛西于是提前购买了英伟达公司高达500万美元的股票期权。南希·佩洛西担任众议院议长期间，佩洛西夫妇从其负责监管的大型科技公司的交易中获利约3000万美元。(注48)英国《每日邮报》网站2022年9月13日发表评论文章指出，在435名美国联邦众议员中，有183人在2019年至2021年期间通过自己或其直系亲属交易股票。至少有97人通过自己或配偶交易与他们在国会工作中直接相关的公司的股票、债券或其他金融资产。(注49)《华尔街日报》网站2022年10月11日发表的调查报道显示，包括商务部、财政部在内的多个美国政府机构的2600多名官员承认在进行股票投资时，恰处于相关公司游说他们所在部门以获得优惠政策时期。(注50)美联社2022年8月18日报道，宾夕法尼亚州前法官马克·恰瓦雷拉和迈克尔·科纳汉在接受了两座私营营利性青少年监狱的280万美元贿赂之后，关闭了县政府运营的公立青少年惩教所，将儿童送往营利性监狱。这一精心策划的计划被称为“儿童换金钱”。(注51)高层政治人物一边向选民开空头支票，同时却在利用职位便利捞取金钱利益。
民众对美国民主的信心持续走低。美国学者托马斯·戴伊、哈蒙·齐格勒和路易斯·舒伯特合著的《民主的反讽：美国精英政治是如何运作的》一书指出：“现在美国民众基本上不再相信政府是为大众利益服务的，大部分人都认为美国政治制度由少数大型利益集团操控，且往往是为了他们自己的利益而把大众抛在脑后。”(注52)“美国昆尼皮亚克大学民意调查”2022年8月31日发表调查报告指出，67%的美国人认为美国民主面临“崩溃风险”。(注53)美联社2022年10月19日报道，几十年来，美国全国范围内的两极分化日益加剧，人们对民主普遍感到绝望。只有9%的美国成年人认为民主正在“极好”或“非常好”地运作，而52%的人认为它运作不佳。(注54)美通社2022年11月4日报道，中期选举前的一项无党派民意调查显示，86%的选民表示美国民主面临“非常严重的威胁”。72%的选民认为美国民主不健康，64%的选民认为太多金钱介入政治，61%的选民认为美国政治腐败，58%的选民认为美国民主政治存在太多带有偏见或错误的信息。(注55)美国全国广播公司新闻网2022年11月9日发布的调查结果显示，72%的民主党选民、68%的共和党选民和70%的中间选民都认为民主受到了威胁。(注56)民众对美国民主的信心持续走低，折射出美式民主正在失去民意基础。
三、种族歧视与不平等愈演愈烈
联合国消除种族歧视委员会2022年9月21日发布的关于审议美国履行《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》情况的结论性报告指出，美国历史上殖民主义和奴隶制留下的阴影至今仍挥之不去，助长着美国社会流行的种族主义。近几年来，美国仇恨犯罪和仇恨言论事件显著增加，与种族有关的枪支死伤人数大幅增加，有色人种和少数族裔在医疗、教育、住房等领域持续面临系统性歧视。(注57)
种族歧视广泛存在。“信奉种族劣根性和种族优越感早已深深地刻在美国的制度中，难解难分。”(注58)美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，对3000多名非洲裔美国人访谈的结果显示，82%的受访者认为种族主义是非洲裔面临的主要问题，79%的受访者表示曾因种族或族裔身份遭到过歧视，68%的受访者表示种族歧视是许多非洲裔无法取得成功的主要原因。(注59)益普索集团2022年3月29日发布的调查结果显示，65%的拉美裔受访者表示在过去一年中遭遇过种族主义言论。(注60)美国亚太裔女性论坛2022年3月30日发布的报告指出，74%的亚裔美国女性表示在过去12个月中遭受过种族歧视，其中53%的人表示施暴者是陌生人，47%的事件发生在餐馆和购物中心等公共场所。(注61)
种族仇恨犯罪持续高发。加州州立大学圣贝纳迪诺分校仇恨与极端主义研究中心的研究显示，美国15个主要城市的仇恨犯罪在2020年至2021年呈两位数增长，2022年基于种族偏见的仇恨犯罪事件又增加了约5%。(注62)《芝加哥太阳时报》2022年10月21日发表题为《仇恨犯罪报告激增》的文章指出，截至10月18日，芝加哥警察局已收到120起仇恨犯罪报告。(注63)2022年5月14日，19岁的白人枪手佩顿·根德隆在纽约州布法罗市一家超市内进行种族主义屠杀，10名非洲裔美国人被杀害，另有3人受伤。凶手还将其行凶过程录下来进行网络直播。(注64)美国反诽谤联盟2023年2月发布的报告显示，过去十年间，美国大规模杀戮事件激增。2022年确定的所有极端主义杀戮都与右翼极端主义有关，其中大量与白人至上主义相关。“毫不夸张地说，我们生活在一个极端主义大规模杀戮的时代。”(注65)
针对亚裔的仇恨犯罪尤为猖獗。“停止仇恨亚裔及太平洋岛民”组织2022年7月20日发布的报告显示，2020年3月19日至2022年3月31日，该组织共收到近11500起仇恨事件报告。(注66)《洛杉矶时报》2022年3月22日报道，亚太裔数据研究组织的在线民意调查发现，2021年全国每6个亚裔美国人中就有1人经历过基于种族的暴力。(注67)《纽约时报》2022年3月14日报道，一名28岁男子在曼哈顿对7名亚裔女性进行长达两小时的疯狂袭击。在过去几个月，纽约市有4名亚裔在遭到袭击后死亡。(注68)美国有线电视新闻网2022年11月30日报道，一名男子在纽约扬克斯对一名亚裔老年妇女拳打100多次，对其进行种族主义辱骂，反复踩踏她的身体并向她吐口水。(注69)休斯顿公共广播电台2022年8月22日报道了旧金山市多起亚裔人士遇袭事件，受害者艾米·李说，她几乎每天都在附近看到肇事者，“我已经报告了警方，但没有听到任何回应，我和儿子每天都生活在恐惧中。”(注70)医学杂志《健康事务》2022年4月12日发表报告指出，57%的亚裔美国人表示由于种族或族裔原因经常或有时在公共场合感到不安全，81%的亚裔美国人认为针对亚裔社区的暴力行为正在增加，73%的亚裔美国人表示与新冠疫情大流行之前相比，现在面临的暴力威胁更大。(注71)明尼苏达大学历史系教授李漪莲在关于针对亚裔种族仇恨犯罪的美国国会听证会上发言指出：“当今亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民面临的种族歧视和暴力行为，并非是由精神错乱的个人随意犯下的罪行，而是一个系统性的国家悲剧。它反映了美国针对亚裔的系统性种族主义的悠久历史。”(注72)
执法司法领域种族歧视根深蒂固。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国执法人员对有色人种和少数族裔群体过度使用暴力并逍遥法外的情况仍然普遍存在；有色人种和少数族裔在美国司法系统中被逮捕、监禁和长期虐待的情况突出。(注73)“警察暴力地图”网站的数据显示，在2013年至2022年的警察杀人事件中，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是白人的2.78倍，手无寸铁的非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性是手无寸铁的白人的1.3倍。在波士顿、明尼阿波利斯和芝加哥，非洲裔被警察杀害的可能性更是白人的20多倍。(注74)美国国家公共电台2022年9月27日报道，国家免责登记处发布的报告指出，非洲裔在美国人口中所占比例不到14%，但在美国被误判犯有严重罪行并在至少服完部分刑期后获释的所有人中，非洲裔占了53%；美国非洲裔因三项重大罪行被错误定罪的可能性是白人的7倍，非洲裔因毒品犯罪被错误定罪的可能性是其他人的19倍。(注75)美国国家学院出版的《美国监禁的增长：探索原因和后果》一书指出，渗透着种族主义的刑事司法系统“正日益成为一个更大的污名化和长期边缘化系统的主要通道”。(注76)
种族贫富分化进一步扩大。“有色人种一直以来在就业上受限于种族障碍，不得不做着名副其实的‘洗脏衣服’的工作。”(注77)美国有线电视新闻网2022年8月30日报道，尽管美国的种族不平等问题受到广泛关注，但三分之二的非洲裔美国人认为，他们的生活并未因此得到改善。(注78)美国普林斯顿大学和德国波恩大学学者2022年5月24日共同发表的一项长时段研究指出，美国非洲裔和白人之间最大的经济不平等体现在种族财富差距上，白人和非洲裔的人均财富比长期稳定在6:1。废除奴隶制后，非洲裔和白人财富差距缩小的趋势到20世纪50年代就已停滞。由于资本收益主要由白人家庭所占有，自20世纪80年代起种族财富差距又呈现出扩大化趋势。(注79)Statista全球统计数据库2022年9月30日发布的报告显示，2021年，美国有19.5%的非洲裔生活在贫困线以下，而白人的贫困率仅为8.2%。(注80)美国全国公共广播电台、罗伯特·伍德·约翰逊基金会和哈佛大学公共卫生院2022年8月8日联合发布的一项全国性民调显示，超过一半的非洲裔和拉美裔家庭以及超过三分之二的原住民家庭表示，近年的通货膨胀给他们造成了“严重的经济问题”。(注81)杜克大学教授威廉·达里蒂指出：“通货膨胀对非洲裔群体的冲击是极具毁灭性的。人们将不得不做出非常非常艰难的决定——是买药呢？买食物呢？还是缴水电费呢？”(注82)
住房政策歧视少数族裔。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国在住房方面的种族隔离现象依然存在，有色人种和少数族裔群体在获得住房方面持续遭遇政策性和法律性歧视。(注83)英国广播公司2022年7月10日报道，美国白人和非洲裔房屋拥有率达到120年来的最大差距。齐洛房地产公司的数据分析表明，2021年约19.4%的非洲裔申请抵押贷款时遭到拒绝，而白人申请被拒的比例仅为10.8%。(注84)《国会山报》2022年8月28日报道，哈佛大学的研究显示，非洲裔房主无论收入如何，其住房的贷款利率往往高于白人房主。2022年第二季度，只有45.3%的非洲裔家庭和48.3%的拉美裔家庭拥有自己的住房，而白人家庭这一比例却高达74.6%。(注85)
医疗卫生服务存在严重种族不平等。联合国消除种族歧视委员会的结论性报告指出，美国有色人种和少数族裔孕产妇死亡率和发病率高得不成比例。(注86)美国全国卫生统计中心2022年2月23日发布的报告显示，美国不同族裔孕产妇死亡率差异日益扩大，2020年非拉美裔黑人孕产妇死亡率显著增加，是非拉美裔白人孕产妇死亡率的2.9倍。(注87)美国疾病控制和预防中心2022年10月28日发布的研究报告显示，非洲裔、拉美裔、原住民等群体在获得新冠治疗时面临持续性的种族不平等。新冠疫情对有色人种和少数族裔造成了不成比例的更大的负面影响。(注88)不平等的医疗卫生服务影响少数种族生命权。普林斯顿大学公共和国际事务网站2022年7月7日公布的一项研究显示，2019年至2021年间，加利福尼亚州拉美裔人均预期寿命下降了5.7岁，非洲裔下降了3.8岁，亚裔下降了3岁。相比而言，白人的人均预期寿命下降了1.9岁。(注89)
印第安原住民悲惨境遇未见改善。“美利坚得以形成的第一道根脉便是对原住民的殖民主义种族灭绝。这一根脉至今仍然是美国社会的根本支柱，并且渗透于美国文化当中。”(注90)美国内政部2022年5月11日发布了“联邦印第安人寄宿学校真相倡议”项目调查报告第一卷。报告承认，美国联邦政府历史上为同化原住民儿童采取了一系列措施，强制儿童与原生家庭分离、切断他们与原生族群的语言和文化联系。1819年至1969年，美国共有37个州建立了408所原住民寄宿学校。寄宿学校采用军事化管理并采取了许多文化灭绝手段，包括将原住民儿童名字改为英文名，强制剪掉原住民儿童的头发，禁止原住民的语言、宗教和文化习俗等。初步调查发现，19所寄宿学校造成了至少500多名印第安原住民、阿拉斯加原住民和夏威夷原住民儿童死亡。随着调查工作继续展开，这一数字可能更高，达到数千甚至数万。(注91)美国北夏延族研究人员玛莎·斯莫尔指出，“这就是种族灭绝”。曾就读于原住民寄宿学校的美国原住民部落老人唐纳德·恩孔尼埃讲述了他们所经历的苦难，包括被殴打、鞭打、性侵犯、强制剪发和起令人难堪的绰号。如果说自己的母语基奥瓦语，就会被殴打。唐纳德说：“每次我试图用基奥瓦语说话时，他们都会往我嘴里灌碱液。”“那是12年的地狱。”“我永远永远不会原谅这个学校对我所做的一切。”(注92)印第安原住民历史上遭受的苦难至今仍在延续。美国全国公共广播电台2022年8月8日报道称，严重通货膨胀给美国少数种族生活造成严重冲击，其中印第安原住民所受影响最为普遍，超过三分之二的印第安原住民因此出现严重经济问题。(注93)《今日美国报》2022年9月19日报道称，美国疾病控制和预防中心的研究报告显示，印第安和阿拉斯加原住民孕产妇死亡率是白人的2倍以上。研究指出，九成以上原住民孕产妇的死亡是可以预防的。加州大学旧金山分校妇产科主任安德烈亚·杰克逊博士表示：“在非洲裔美国人和印第安人身上，我们看到这种历史性的、不幸的差异仍在持续。”(注94)
四、底层民众基本生存危机加重
美国社会贫富差距继续拉大，低收入群体生活条件急剧恶化，无家可归者大幅增加，毒品药品滥用严重危及生命健康，人均预期寿命大幅下降。底层民众基本生存面临重大危机。
贫富鸿沟进一步拉大。美国是拥有众多顶级富豪的贫困社会。(注95)印第安纳大学科科莫分校教授厄尔·怀松、普渡大学教授罗伯特·佩卢奇和威奇塔州立大学教授大卫·赖特合著的《新阶级社会：美国梦的终结？(第四版)》通过对美国社会的深入分析研究指出，美国社会中存在大范围的以阶级、性别和种族为基础的不平等形式。富裕而稳固的“特权阶级”(20%的人口)和越来越多贫困而不稳固的“新工人阶级”(80%的人口)构成了两极化的双钻石型的新阶级体系。(注96)Statista全球统计数据库2022年9月30日公布的数据显示，2021年，美国的基尼系数升至0.49，创历史新高；3790万人处于贫困状态，贫困率连续第二年攀升。(注97)美联储的统计数据显示，2021年第四季度末，美国1%人口的总财富达到创纪录的45.9万亿美元，他们的财富在新冠疫情大流行期间增加了12万亿美元以上，增幅超过三分之一。(注98)截至2022年年中，在美国家庭保有的约1.7万亿美元超额储蓄中，收入位居前50%的人口拥有约1.35万亿美元，而后一半的收入者仅有3500亿美元。(注99)
通货膨胀继续冲击低收入家庭生活。《纽约时报》2022年11月25日报道，在美国居民储蓄减少的同时，汽车维修、食品和住房等必需品的价格却急剧上涨。截至2022年10月，美国物价比2021年同期上涨7.7%，这对低收入群体产生了最严重的负面影响。(注100)美国联邦储备委员会理事布雷纳德表示，低收入家庭要将超过70%的收入用于购买必需品，而高收入家庭的这一支出比例仅为31%。(注101)美国全国能源援助理事会2022年4月12日的调查发现，对于占美国社会40%的底层中低收入家庭而言，能源价格大幅上涨，会迫使许多人因超额支付能源账单而无力购买基本商品及服务。(注102)
无家可归者大幅上升。根据美国住房和城市发展部的数据，2022年日均有58.25万美国人无家可归，其中40%只能居住在缺乏庇护的街道、废弃建筑或其他恶劣环境中。(注103)加利福尼亚州过去3年中没有稳定住所的人数至少增加了2.25万人，达到17.38万人，但该州为无家可归者提供的庇护居所却由2020年8月最多时的16000多个房间减少到约5000个床位。(注104)《洛杉矶时报》2022年12月21日报道，加利福尼亚州长滩市的无家可归者相比2020年大幅增长了62%，其中还包括1282名长期无家可归的残疾人。(注105)西雅图大学法学院教授、无家可归者权利倡导组织创始人莎拉·兰金在《加州法律评论》上发表的研究指出，美国的无家可归者往往是“残疾人、黑人、移民、难民、性少数等边缘群体”，他们所遭受的迫害、拘留、监禁或隔离使其无法融入社区。这暴露了美国存在的系统性歧视。(注106)
人均预期寿命大幅下降。美国疾病控制和预防中心下属全国健康状况统计中心2022年8月发布的报告显示，2019年至2021年，美国人均预期寿命下降了2.7岁，至76.1岁，降至1996年来新低。其中非拉美裔美洲印第安人、阿拉斯加原住民群体的人均预期寿命降幅最大，达到了惊人的6.6岁。(注107)在和平时期，人均预期寿命大幅下降是罕见的。美国疾病控制和预防中心发布的数据显示，截至2022年12月29日，美国累计新冠死亡病例超过108万人，其中2022年新冠死亡病例超过26万人。(注108)德国《世界报》2023年1月15日报道称，人均预期寿命或许是衡量一个国家生活质量有多好，甚至在某种程度上是衡量一个国家有多伟大的最重要标准，美国政客却对此讳莫如深。除新冠疫情外，造成美国人均预期寿命急剧下降的原因还包括药物滥用、枪支泛滥等。(注109)弗吉尼亚联邦大学、科罗拉多大学博尔德分校和城市研究所的学者在《英国医学杂志》上发表的共同研究指出，美国健康水平的不断恶化、死亡率高企以及对少数族裔的持续不公，很大程度上是长期政策选择和系统性种族主义的产物。因新冠疫情造成的大量死亡，不仅体现了美国对疫情大流行的政策选择和不当处理，也反映了几十年来导致美国健康水平恶化的根深蒂固的原因。(注110)
美国政府罔顾民众健康积极推进大麻合法化。大麻是联合国禁毒公约中被管制的麻醉药品。美国于20世纪70年代颁布《管控药物法》，将大麻列为联邦一级管控物质。美国联邦和各州政府对毒品和药物滥用监管不力，甚至在利益集团游说下不断推动立法使大麻等合法化，导致越来越多青少年成为受害者。加州大学戴维斯分校学者罗宾·戈尔茨坦和丹尼尔·萨姆纳2022年共同出版的研究专著中指出，推动大麻合法化的“白日梦”之一，是意图通过税收使合法大麻“成为政府新的摇钱树”。(注111)目前美国的大麻销售额已超过300亿美元，预计2030年美国大麻市场将达到650亿美元。(注112)根据“公开秘密”发布的数据，2018年至2021年，美国一些大麻及制品相关企业、行业协会等累计花费1660多万美元用于政治游说，年均花费是2016年的约10倍；(注113)2022年用于大麻的游说金额超过560万美元。(注114)大麻利益相关企业、组织和政客进行钱权交易，形成利益集团，放任毒品和药物滥用愈演愈烈，“折射出美政府社会治理的失败”。(注115)
毒品和药物滥用危及生命健康。美国药物滥用与心理健康服务局的一份调查显示，2020年有5930万12岁以上的美国人滥用毒品，其中4960万人吸食大麻。(注116)美国疾病控制和预防中心网站的公开信息显示，近四成美国高中生长期使用大麻。(注117)美国国立卫生研究院2022年8月发布的一份报告显示，一年内吸食过大麻的美国年轻人比例达43%，使用过致幻剂的美国年轻人比例达8%，有11%的年轻人每天吸食大麻，达到历史最高水平。(注118)曼哈顿政策研究所2022年8月4日发布的研究报告指出，近年来死于毒品和药物滥用的美国人急剧增加，每年超过10万人。(注119)美国疾病控制和预防中心的临时数据显示，在截至2022年8月的12个月期间，发生了超过10.7万起药物过量死亡事件。美国药物评价与研究中心物质使用和行为健康中心副主任玛尔塔·索科沃夫斯卡指出，药物滥用已经成为美国最具破坏性的公共卫生危机之一。(注120)
治理缺位危害环境权。美国广播公司2022年6月21日报道，在路易斯安那州，大量排放的工业废料致使密西西比河沿岸出现诸多“癌症巷”地区，该地区民众因空气污染而患癌的风险较美国其他地区高出95%。(注121)《芝加哥论坛报》2022年7月13日报道，在伊利诺伊州，占当地人口约60%的逾800万居民的饮用水中，检测到至少含一种可能有损健康的“永久性化学物质”。(注122)在环境形势日趋恶化的背景下，美国联邦最高法院却于2022年6月裁定，美国环境保护局无权在未得到美国国会授权的条件下，在州层面限制温室气体排放量，也不得要求发电厂放弃化石燃料转用可再生能源。(注123)联合国秘书长发言人杜加里克指出，美国联邦最高法院的这一裁决，是“全球应对气候变化的一次挫折”。(注124)
五、妇女儿童权利历史性倒退
2022年，美国妇女儿童权利保障出现重大倒退。妇女堕胎权失去宪法保护，校园、军队、监狱中性侵犯持续高发，儿童生命安全与合法权益面临严重威胁。
禁止堕胎侵犯妇女权利。2022年，美国联邦最高法院推翻了保障妇女堕胎权的“罗伊诉韦德案”和“计划生育联盟诉凯西案”，终结了近50年来受宪法保护的堕胎权，将导致大约一半的州禁止堕胎手术。(注125)路透社2022年12月1日报道，印第安纳州总检察长要求该州医疗委员会对一名医生进行纪律处分，因为该医生为一名10岁的强奸受害者进行了堕胎手术，而俄亥俄州已经禁止在妊娠六周后堕胎。(注126)英国广播公司2022年6月29日报道，美国卫生部长泽维尔·贝塞拉表示，世界其他地区正在采取行动，给予女性应该拥有的各种权利，而美国联邦最高法院却倒行逆施，剥夺宪法确认的堕胎权，这使美国落后于世界其他地区。(注127)时任联合国人权事务高级专员的米歇尔·巴切莱特2022年6月24日指出，美国联邦最高法院关于堕胎的裁决是“对妇女人权和性别平等的巨大打击”，“这一裁决标志着美国通过‘罗伊诉韦德案’保护性健康和生殖健康及权利的努力在50年后遭受重大挫折”。(注128)
The sexual assault of women is alarming. One in five female college students in the United States said they had been sexually assaulted while in school, and the trauma affected their entire educational experience. [129] CNN reported on September 2022, 9 that in 1, reports of sexual assault in the U.S. military surged by 2021%, with nearly a quarter of female military members saying they had been sexually assaulted in the military and more than half saying they had experienced sexual harassment. [Note 13] The U.S. Senate released an investigation report on December 130, 2022, pointing out that in the past 12 years, more than two-thirds of federal prisons have had cases of sexual assault of female prisoners by prison administrators, and U.S. prison authorities have opened a total of 13,10 cases. [5415] The Associated Press reported on February 131, 2022, that there were 2 complaints of sexual assault of prisoners by prison administrators in 6. The federal women's prison in Dublin, California, is known as the "Rape Club," and inmates say they have been sexually assaulted by prison guards and even wardens. (Note 2020)
Gun accidents threaten children's lives. The Kaiser Family Foundation published a report on October 2022, 10, noting that nearly 14,2011 children aged 2021 and younger in the United States died from gun violence from 18500 to 17. An average of 2021 children died every day from guns in 7. [133] The Washington Post reported on December 2022, 12 that more than 11,2022 children under the age of 5800 in the United States were injured or killed by guns in 18. As of December 2022, 12, fatal shootings involving children more than doubled from 1, and non-fatal shootings involving children also increased by more than 2021%. [80] US President Joe Biden publicly acknowledged in June 134: "Guns have become the number one cause of death for children in the United States, and more children die from guns than from car accidents and cancer." (Note 2022)
School shootings continue to be high. The United States is the country with the highest number of school shootings in the world. According to the "K-12 School Shooting Database", the number of school shootings in the United States in 2022 is as high as 302, the highest value since 1970; The number of casualties reached 332, the highest in nearly five years. [5] On May 136, 2022, an 5 children and two teachers were shot and killed in the serious mass shooting at Robb Elementary School in Yuvaldi, Texas, USA, when an 24-year-old high school student entered the school with an AR-18 assault rifle purchased at a sports goods store, killing 15 children and two teachers. [19] In his remarks on the incident, U.S. President Joe Biden acknowledged that in the 2 years since the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, there have been more than 2012 shootings on U.S. campuses, "such mass shootings are rare anywhere else in the world." [137] The Washington Post reported on May 10, 900 that since 138, the K-2022 School Shooting Database has recorded more than 5,28 threats of school shootings. [2018] The BBC reported on May 12, 2500 that Joson, an expert on school shootings in the United States, pointed out that today's young Americans have become a "generation of mass shooters." (Note 139)
Child poverty rates are abnormally high. According to data released by the U.S. Census Bureau on September 2022, 9, the poverty rate in the United States in 13 was 2021.12%, and the child poverty rate was as high as 8.16%. Child poverty rates in Mississippi, Louisiana and Washington, D.C., are as high as 9.27 percent, 7.26 percent and 9.23 percent, respectively. [9] According to research by Columbia University's Center for Poverty and Social Policy, the U.S. child poverty rate rose from 141.2021% in December 12 to 12.1% in May 2022, an increase of 5.16 million children living in poverty. [6] American columnist Jeff Madrick's book The Invisible Child: The Cost of Child Poverty in America points out that the United States is a country that has historically been biased against poverty, and cannot even agree on "how many poor Americans," let alone reduce the number of poor people and children; By a fairer, more up-to-date measure, the number of people living in poverty in the United States is about 330 million, and the number of children living in poverty may exceed 142 million. [6000] "Child poverty is a national stigma for the United States." (Note 2000)
The illegal use of child labour is repeatedly prohibited. According to the American Farmworker Health Center, a nonprofit organization, there are between 30,80 and 145,2022 minors working on farms in the United States. [146] According to the American "Slate" online magazine, many fast food restaurants in the United States violate the rules protecting children's health and education by hiring teenagers to work overtime. Child labor is repeatedly banned because of loopholes in the U.S. legal system. Affected by the new crown epidemic and the supply chain crisis, there has been a "labor shortage" phenomenon in many places in the United States, and many states have approved new laws to extend the working hours of minors. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, millions of teens in the United States were employed in agriculture, food service, retail, entertainment, and construction industries in 2023. [2] Reuters reported on February 28, 2018 that the problem of illegal child labor in the United States has become increasingly serious, with the number of illegal child workers surging by nearly 70% since 2022. According to the U.S. Department of Labor, 835 businesses illegally employed 3800,26 children in fiscal year 147, and the number of children employed in hazardous jobs increased by 2022%. [11] USA Today reported on November 13, 30 that Wisconsin Parkes Cleaning Services employs more than 13 minors between the ages of 17 and 13 to work as cleaners in meat processing plants and farms. Several underage employees were injured on the job, including a 148-year-old child who was burned by a caustic cleaning chemical. [2022] Reuters reported on December 12, 16 that at least four auto parts suppliers in Alabama were found to employ child labor, and labor dispatch agencies placed minors in factories. [149] To this day, the United States remains the only of the 193 member states of the United Nations that has not ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and prospects for addressing child labor remain bleak.
Juvenile detention conditions are poor. The Houston Chronicle reported on August 2022, 8 that juvenile prison conditions in Gatesville, Texas, are poor. Juveniles serving sentences for serious crimes are held in solitary confinement in small cells for up to 23 hours a day. When they need to go to the bathroom, they can only solve it with an empty water bottle. Sports and other activities designed to rehabilitate struggling young people have been cancelled. They cannot attend courses and can only complete a series of tasks in their cells, which deprives them of the opportunity to seek help and treatment. [23] The Los Angeles Times reported on November 150, 2022 that Los Angeles County's juvenile incarceration system is in disarray. There is a severe shortage of staff in juvenile detention centers, which has led to frequent incidents of juvenile brawls and an increase in violent discipline by custodial staff. Increasing isolation, lack of support and exposure to violence are undermining the mental health of incarcerated youth. One incarcerated teenager said he felt he was not being "treated like a human being." (Note 11)
6. Wanton violation of human rights in other countries and trampling on justice
American scholar John Mearsheimer pointed out that under the dominance of the policy of "liberal hegemony", the United States, which tends to wage constant wars, increases conflicts in the international system and causes instability. "These armed conflicts often end in failure, sometimes catastrophic, mainly at the expense of those countries that are said to have been saved by the liberal gods." [152] The United States pursues power politics in the international community, frequently uses force, provokes "proxy wars," indiscriminately imposes unilateral sanctions, seriously violates the rights of migrants, and refuses to close Guantánamo, becoming a saboteur of global peace and development and a stumbling block to the progress of human rights.
Military operations abroad have caused humanitarian disasters. Since 2022, U.S. forces have carried out nearly 12,20 bombings in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Pakistan, Somalia, Syria and Yemen alone, killing as many as 2001,10 civilians, according to data from Airwar, a British-based monitoring organization Air Warfare, according to data from Airwar, a British-based monitoring organization. [4] According to research published by the Cost-of-War Research Project at Brown University, since the beginning of the 8st century, the United States has carried out military operations in 153 countries in the name of "counterterrorism," directly resulting in the death of at least 21,85 civilians and the displacement of 92 million people. [9] On November 3800, 154, a U.S. drone bombed the Hadeba area of Yemen, killing two children and one woman. [2022] "The use of violence at home and abroad seems to have become a hallmark of contemporary America—from the unheard shootings to pre-emptive military operations and stealth warplanes. (Note 11)
Being behind the scenes to instigate "proxy wars". In order to unilaterally pursue its own interests, the United States acts as a behind-the-scenes hand to provoke wars in other countries and regions. Cole Quinn, a contributing writer for Foreign Policy, said in an article on July 2022, 7 that U.S. military operations are not limited to the Middle East, but have begun to touch more and more other countries and regions, but more secretively. Brennan Justice Center attorney Catherine Jan Ebright described this as a "light footprint tactic." In a program called "14e," U.S. special operations forces are authorized to train proxy forces to carry out U.S. missions abroad. Foreign fighters have access to U.S. armed, training, and intelligence support and are deployed on U.S.-led missions to counter U.S. enemies and achieve U.S. goals. Between 127 and 2017, the Pentagon launched 2020 "proxy wars" in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific, including in the Middle East and Asia-Pacific, with the participation of at least a dozen countries, targeting countries such as Syria, Yemen, Iraq, Tunisia, Cameroon and Libya. (Note 23)
Unilateral sanctions have been indiscriminately imposed for a long time. In recent years, the unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States on other countries have increased exponentially, greatly weakening the ability and level of human rights protection in the sanctioned countries. Bangladesh's Daily Star reported on December 2022, 12 that the total number of unilateral sanctions imposed by the United States is the largest in the world, and sanctions are still being imposed on more than 28 countries, including sanctions against Cuba since 20, Iran since 1962, Syria since 1979, and Afghanistan in recent years, resulting in the inability of sanctioned countries to provide basic food and medicine to their people. [2011] The Washington Post reported on June 158, 2022 that nearly half of Afghans do not have enough to eat, and child malnutrition is on the rise. [6] On December 13, 159, a number of independent experts of the UN Human Rights Council issued a joint statement pointing out that the US government's sanctions against Iran have exacerbated Iran's environmental hazards, prevented all people in Iran from fully enjoying their rights to health and life, and violated the Iranian people's right to a clean environment. [2022] On November 12, 20, the UN Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on human rights, Alina Duhan, noted that unilateral sanctions exacerbate the suffering of the Syrian people and constitute a serious violation of human rights. [160] The US government's wanton imposition of sanctions has triggered a human rights crisis in other countries, which has been strongly condemned by the international community. On November 2022, 11, the UN General Assembly voted to urge the United States to end the economic, commercial and financial embargo against Cuba. As many as 10 of the 161 member States support the condemnation of the United States embargo against Cuba. [2022] This is the 11th consecutive time that the UN General Assembly has adopted a similar resolution.
Repeatedly and deliberately undermining global climate governance. The United States is the world's largest cumulative emitter of greenhouse gases, with high per capita carbon emissions. The United States refused to ratify the Kyoto Protocol, arbitrarily withdrew from the Paris Agreement, and delayed fulfilling its commitments under the Green Climate Fund. Even after returning to the Paris Agreement, the United States has not translated its commitments into action, but has instead used climate change as a tool of domestic partisanship for political manipulation. According to a report released by the US economic research firm Rongding Group on January 2023, 1, the US greenhouse gas emissions in 10 increased by 2022.1% year-on-year, and the implementation of the Paris Agreement obligations lacked sincerity and effectiveness. [3] According to research published by Brown University's Cost of War Research Project, the U.S. Department of Defense is one of the world's largest emitters of greenhouse gases and that U.S. global military operations since 163/9 have made a "significant contribution" to climate change. (Note 11)
The policy of xenophobic immigration has created human tragedies. The United States has made mass arrests of immigrants along the southern border, creating a serious humanitarian crisis. Nearly 2022.240 million immigrants were detained at the U.S. border in 2021, a record increase of 37% from 165. [2022] The right to survival of migrants is seriously threatened. Fox News reported on October 10, 22 that the total number of deaths among migrants on the southern border of the United States in 2022 reached 856, the highest number of deaths. [166] Texas Governor Greg Abbott announced the "invasion" of the U.S.-Mexico border by migrants, saying that he would take measures such as sending the National Guard to expel illegal immigrants and deploying gunboats in the border area to protect border security, as reported by Mexican Daily News on November 2022, 11. [16] CNN reported on December 167, 2022 that U.S. immigration policies put immigrants and asylum seekers at risk, with thousands of people being kidnapped, sexually assaulted or violently assaulted. [12] Immigration policies under political polarization have been severely torn, migrants have become tools of party strife, and the farce of "throwing behind" migrants is staged on a large scale, facing extreme xenophobia and cruel treatment. CNN reported on December 16, 168 that more than 2022 migrants, including children, were transported to Washington and abandoned on the side of the road on Christmas Eve 12. Temperatures were below freezing, and some migrants wore only T-shirts in the cold weather. [26] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Volker Turk, criticized the U.S. government's border immigration policies as a threat to the fundamental rights of asylum seekers and undermining the foundations of international human rights and refugee law. (Note 100)
Refusal to close Guantánamo. Guantánamo, established in 2002, held a maximum of about 780 people, most of whom were detained without trial and subjected to cruel and inhuman treatment, "an ugly chapter in the wanton violation of human rights" in the United States. [171] In January 2022, several independent experts, including the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in the Fight Terrorism, Fionuala Niorein, and other independent experts noted that the notorious Guantánamo prison is a stain on the protection of human rights in the United States, and demanded that the US government close Guantánamo prison, compensate citizens who have been tortured and arbitrarily detained, and hold accountable those authorized and committed torture under international law. (Note 1)
(Xinhuanet)