Human Rights Watch said that in recent years the Egyptian authorities have systematically refused to issue or renew identification documents for dozens of dissidents, journalists and human rights activists residing abroad.
She added that this refusal seemed intended to pressure them to return to Egypt "to face almost certain persecution".
The organization indicated that the inability to obtain birth certificates or renew basic documents such as passports and identity cards hindered the realization of basic rights for dissidents abroad and their dependent family members.
It also effectively undermined their ability to travel, live and work legally, and sometimes threatened their ability to access basic medical care and educational services or to be reunited with other family members.
"The government of (Egyptian) President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi is tightening the screws on dissidents abroad by depriving them of basic identification documents," said Adam Coogle, deputy Middle East and North Africa director at Human Rights Watch.
After unleashing the crushing of domestic dissent and public dissent through mass arrests, unfair trials, and rampant torture in detention, the government is intensifying its efforts to punish and silence those on the outside.
Human Rights Watch based its conclusions on interviews with 26 Egyptian dissidents, journalists and lawyers living abroad, as well as dozens of documents such as written correspondence, passports and official documents.
Egyptian dissidents in Turkey faced additional challenges because the Egyptian Consulate in Istanbul has virtually closed its doors to Egyptians since 2018, and it obliges applicants to submit electronically illegal requests such as disclosing the reason for their departure from Egypt and declaring links to their accounts on social media.
Consular officials routinely told applicants that all applications must be approved by Egypt's security services before the consulate can submit their applications to the relevant authorities.
"The Egyptian government's export of repression through its embassies and consulates abroad aims to destroy the livelihoods of Egyptians in exile, and has become an important aspect of its ongoing assault on all forms of dissent," Coogle said.