Promoting the green transformation and green development of agriculture (Jintai Sight Focus on the rural human settlement environment ②)
It is an important task to build a beautiful countryside and strengthen the control of agricultural non-point source pollution.
On the one hand, it is necessary to reduce the amount of pesticides and fertilizers to increase efficiency, and reduce the amount of pollutants produced from the source; on the other hand, it is necessary to control the breeding industry and small enterprises to reduce pollutant emissions.
The protection of the rural ecological environment is a systematic project. It is necessary to strengthen the governance capacity of the whole chain, improve farmers' awareness of environmental protection, and take multiple measures to solve the problem of agricultural non-point source pollution.
To build a beautiful countryside, it is equally important to be suitable for business and living.
According to the 2022 national surface water environmental quality data recently released by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the main pollution indicators of the national surface water environment are chemical oxygen demand, permanganate index and total phosphorus.
Among them, total phosphorus mainly represents the situation of agricultural non-point source pollution, such as agricultural planting, livestock and poultry breeding, etc.
In the interview, experts and readers said that the control of agricultural non-point source pollution is an important part of ecological environment protection. It is necessary to further promote the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, improve the policy mechanism for the prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution, and strengthen the supervision and management of agricultural non-point source pollution. Form an agricultural non-point source pollution control system that is jointly managed and continuously promoted, laying a solid foundation for comprehensively promoting rural revitalization.
Reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increase efficiency, reducing agricultural non-point source pollution from the source
Improving the living environment in rural areas, building a beautiful village suitable for living and working, and accelerating the control of agricultural non-point source pollution are also top priorities.
Liu Xuejun, a professor at the School of Resources and Environment of China Agricultural University, said that in recent years, various plans for agricultural and rural pollution control have played a positive role in curbing pollution.
"From 2015 to 2020, the amount of chemical fertilizers used in my country has decreased by 13%, and the amount of pesticides has decreased by about 14%; the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has increased significantly, exceeding 40%. The ecological environment of many villages has improved to a considerable extent." Liu Xuejun said that there is still a long way to go to achieve a complete change in the agricultural and rural ecological environment.
First of all, it is still difficult to reduce the amount of pesticides and fertilizers and increase their efficiency.
According to a paper published by the "Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University", researchers found that in order to develop and utilize limited land resources, some rural areas have increased investment in all aspects of agricultural production, which is prominently manifested in the "big fertilizer" in the process of planting economic crops. Flood" phenomenon.
Although this model has improved agricultural productivity to a certain extent, it has also led to high levels of pesticide and fertilizer use.
There are also some farmers who overuse pesticides and fungicides in the process of planting cash crops, which also cause certain pollution to the environment.
The researchers found that in recent years, the quality of land in some rural areas has declined rapidly, and "the land has been planted badly."
The reason is that in the process of agricultural transformation, the planting structure and management process have changed.
In order to obtain as much economic benefits as possible, some farmers only plant certain high-economic crops all year round, which weakens the original advantages of resisting diseases and insect pests through diversified planting patterns.
The long-term "big fat and big water" mode has also continuously reduced the production increase effect.
"The unreasonable use of pesticides and fertilizers, and the poor quality of some pesticides and fertilizers have led to the weakening of soil fertility." Li Shaoping, a professor at Northeast Petroleum University, said that some farmers pay too much attention to increasing the yield of crops and ignoring the pollution produced.
"It is recommended that places where conditions permit implement the action of reducing the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increasing efficiency. Through the use of organic fertilizers, soil testing formulas, and the implementation of green prevention and control of diseases and insect pests and other scientific methods, reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce agricultural non-point source pollution from the source." Zhumadian, Henan Mr. Du, a city reader, said that some places have cultivated and supported a group of professional service organizations with excellent equipment, advanced technology and standardized management to provide farmers with a full range of agricultural technology services and achieved good results. It is recommended to summarize and promote them as soon as possible.
Coordinating production development and environmental protection, taking into account both environmental protection requirements and the needs of the masses
Netizens in Luonan County, Shangluo City, Shaanxi Province reported on People’s Daily Online’s “Leadership Message Board” in August last year that a neighbor raised more than a dozen pigs in the yard, and the feces were poured directly into the river. The downstream is the Zhangping Reservoir, which is the water source of Luonan County, and I hope the relevant departments will investigate and deal with it as soon as possible.”
After receiving the report, the Supervision Office of the Luonan County Party Committee ordered the pig farm to shut down immediately, clean up the feces, and clean up the surrounding environment within three days.
At the same time, report its pollution to the relevant departments to deal with it in accordance with laws and regulations.
"The taste of well water has obviously deteriorated in the past two years." In December last year, Mr. Wang, a villager in Maoqinyingzi Village, Beisijiazi Township, Chaoyang County, Chaoyang City, Liaoning Province, left a message on the "Leadership Message Board" of People's Daily Online. There are many pig villagers, and some farmers directly discharge the sewage into the river without treating it.
The reporter's investigation found that most of the complaints were small and medium-sized farms, most of which used traditional farming methods. The farmers lacked environmental protection awareness, legal knowledge, or invested little in the treatment of farming waste, or even had no environmental protection facilities at all, thus causing environmental pollution.
In response to this problem, the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs held an on-site meeting on the resource utilization of livestock and poultry farming waste in November last year, requesting to coordinate the development of animal husbandry production and the protection of the ecological environment, and continue to organize the inspection of large-scale farm manure treatment facilities and equipment. Promote the improvement of the equipment level of livestock and poultry manure treatment facilities.
At the same time, speed up the cultivation of social service organizations for returning manure to the field, strengthen the guidance service for the scientific return of livestock and poultry manure to the field, and promote the organic connection between farmers and the development of modern animal husbandry.
In some places, village-run small enterprises are also one of the causes of environmental pollution.
Villagers in Qianyulou Village, Chenda Town, Guoyang County, Bozhou City, Anhui Province reported that a local pig farm and two factories discharged sewage illegally, damaging the local ecological environment.
The Guoyang County Ecological Environment Branch and Chen Dazhen conducted an on-site inspection and found that there were indeed problems such as dust, noise, and sewage, so they issued a rectification notice on the spot, requiring one of the enterprises to suspend operations, clean up raw materials, dismantle equipment, and fill seepage pits. Then start production; pig farms need to spray deodorant regularly to reduce the impact on the surrounding environment.
Liu Xuejun said that most of the pollution problems of the breeding industry and small enterprises are management problems caused by the failure to strictly follow environmental protection standards to control pollutant discharge, and the core is driven by economic interests.
"The construction of environmental protection facilities and the application of technology need to invest a certain amount of resources, but this will also squeeze out the profit margins of farmers and enterprises. Environmental governance should take into account both environmental protection requirements and the needs of the masses, and a phased approach can be considered. On the one hand, do a good job in the early stage The environmental protection demonstration includes setting the distance between the factory site and the residents' houses; on the other hand, do a good job in daily supervision and environmental assessment to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the surrounding villagers." Liu Xuejun said.
Construct a whole-chain governance framework to realize whole-process supervision
In January 2022, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, together with the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Natural Resources, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, the Ministry of Water Resources, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, jointly issued the "14th Five-Year Plan" on soil, groundwater and rural ecological environment. Protection Plan, making a comprehensive deployment of the overall requirements, main tasks and safeguard measures for continuing to fight the tough battle against agricultural and rural pollution.
The "Plan" clearly stated that by 2025, agricultural non-point source pollution will be initially controlled, the construction of rural environmental infrastructure will be steadily advanced, and the rural ecological environment will continue to improve.
Some experts believe that the current difficulty in governance lies in how to build an institutionalized and systematic agricultural and rural pollution control plan, from the source to the end to implement green production and pollutant discharge standards, leaving no loopholes.
In addition, we must pay more attention to environmental protection education, do a good job in publicity, science popularization and other work, and gradually improve farmers' environmental protection awareness.
No matter what kind of production method to reduce pollution, it needs to be recognized and consciously chosen by farmers, so that it can be promoted and used on a large scale, and can play its greatest role.
Taking straw burning as an example, many measures have been taken in various places. In some places, high-tech means such as drones and satellite remote sensing have been used for monitoring, but repeated prohibitions are still repeated.
Some farmers said that burning straw can fertilize the soil, eliminate insects and bacteria, and reduce pests and diseases, while crushing and fermenting on the spot may leave insect eggs.
In this regard, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs has repeatedly issued documents requesting the comprehensive utilization of crop straws. One of the important tasks is to strengthen guidance services and publicity and guidance.
Not only is it required to establish expert guidance groups for the comprehensive utilization of straw, strengthen guidance and training, and promote the demonstration and application of technology integration, but it also requires multi-angle and all-round publicity of science popularization, and organizes experience exchanges and on-site observations by levels, links, and objects, and strengthens demonstrations. Drive and lead the improvement of the comprehensive utilization level of straw in various places.
According to the National Report on the Comprehensive Utilization of Crop Straw issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, in recent years, the comprehensive utilization rate of crop straw in my country has steadily increased, the ecological benefits of returning straw to the field have gradually emerged, the market-oriented utilization of straw has accelerated breakthroughs, and the comprehensive utilization of straw has made remarkable achievements. effectiveness.
"In recent years, farmers have increased their income by growing vegetables, but a large amount of waste plastic film has caused pollution and affected the appearance of the village." Mr. Ye, a reader in Yuzhong County, Lanzhou City, Gansu Province, said.
In order to solve this problem, relevant departments promote the use of degradable plastic film, but the cost is relatively high, and the utilization rate of farmers is not high.
Degradable mulch, high-efficiency and low-risk green pesticides, microbial fertilizers... In agricultural production, green agricultural products with low pollution and high efficiency are not uncommon, but due to cost, use conditions and other factors, it is still difficult to promote them. .
"It is recommended that relevant departments start from all aspects of production, circulation, and use, continuously strengthen planning and management, and vigorously promote the reduction of agricultural materials and products, clean production, waste recycling, and ecological industrial models, so as to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. to improve the sustainable development of agriculture.” Mr. Liu, a reader in Mudanjiang City, Heilongjiang Province, said in his letter that, for example, in response to the problem of agricultural film pollution, a strict agricultural film management system should be implemented, market supervision should be comprehensively strengthened, and enterprises should be prohibited from producing and selling Plastic films that do not meet the national mandatory standards, and at the same time improve the level of recycling and disposal of waste agricultural film.
"Agricultural non-point source pollution control is a long-term work. While solving the current main problems, we must also consciously build a whole-chain governance framework to promote the formation of pollution from the source of pollution to the control of pollutant discharge in the production process, and then to the end of the reduction. Institutionalization and mechanism of platoon governance." Liu Xuejun said, "It is recommended that relevant departments implement precise policies according to the actual situation of each region, and achieve the goal of precise and scientific prevention and control according to local conditions. A shift to full process control."
Our reporter Sun Liji