Construct a coordinated system of primary distribution, redistribution, and third distribution (conscientiously study, publicize and implement the spirit of the 20th CPC National Congress)
Ning Jizhe
General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China that we should solidly promote common prosperity, improve the distribution system, and build a coordinated system of primary distribution, redistribution, and third distribution.
This has pointed out to us the goals, tasks, reform measures and policy orientation towards common prosperity in the new journey of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way.
Promoting Common Prosperity by Improving the Distribution System
(1) Common prosperity is the essential requirement of socialism with Chinese characteristics.
First, common prosperity is a basic goal of Marxism.
Marxism takes the realization of human liberation and the promotion of the free and all-round development of everyone as its mission. It looks forward to the development of productive forces so that all sources of social wealth can fully flow. It looks forward to a society without differences between workers and peasants, urban and rural areas, and brain and body. For the prosperity of all.
Second, common prosperity has been a basic ideal of our people since ancient times.
As early as more than 2,000 years ago, the sages put forward the idea of Datong that "the journey of the great way is the same as the world is for the public". Later thinkers put forward ideas for a Datong society many times, reflecting the Chinese nation's desire for a prosperous, wealthy, just and equal society. beautiful ideal.
Third, common prosperity is the embodiment of the fundamental purpose of the Communist Party of China.
What the people want, what the government wants.
Realizing the common prosperity of all people reflects the people's yearning for a better life, embodies the people-centered development idea, embodies the original aspiration and mission of the Chinese Communists, and embodies the party's fundamental purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly.
Fourth, common prosperity is an important feature of Chinese-style modernization.
After the founding of New China, Comrade Mao Zedong put forward the goal of building my country into a socialist modern power and the concept of common prosperity.
After the reform and opening up, Comrade Deng Xiaoping pointed out that the essence of socialism is to liberate productive forces, develop productive forces, eliminate exploitation, eliminate polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity.
Since the new era, General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that Chinese-style modernization is a modernization of common prosperity for all people.
(2) Promoting the common prosperity of all people is both a long-term task and a realistic task.
First, building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way has created good conditions for promoting common prosperity.
During the period of socialist revolution and construction, my country established an independent and relatively complete industrial system and national economic system.
In the new period of reform and opening up and socialist modernization, my country has achieved a historic breakthrough from a relatively backward productive force to the world's second largest economic aggregate, and realized the historic transition of people's lives from insufficient food and clothing to an overall well-off, and towards an all-round well-off across.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the balance, coordination, and sustainability of my country's economic development have been significantly enhanced. The Party led the people to win the battle against poverty, historically solved the problem of absolute poverty, and built a moderately prosperous society on the land of China.
In 2021, my country's GDP will reach 114 trillion yuan, and its per capita GDP will reach 12,000 US dollars, marking a new level of social productivity, comprehensive national strength, and people's living standards, and laying a solid foundation for promoting common prosperity.
Second, my country has reached the historical stage of solidly promoting common prosperity.
Entering the new era, the main social contradiction in our country has been transformed into the contradiction between the people's ever-growing needs for a better life and unbalanced and inadequate development. The economic and social structure has accelerated adjustments and changes, and high-speed growth has shifted to high-quality development. new requirements.
Third, achieving common prosperity is the grand goal of economic and social development.
Realizing the common prosperity of all the people is a long-term historical process. Along with the whole process of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, it must be included in the long-term planning of national economic and social development, and the goals of modernization and common prosperity at different stages should be studied in depth, and the progress should be carried out step by step.
(3) To solidly promote common prosperity must improve the distribution system.
Institutional issues are more fundamental, overall, stable and long-term. The distribution system is the basic system for promoting common prosperity.
On the basis of the joint efforts of the people of the whole country to make the "cake" bigger and better, through reasonable institutional arrangements, the "cake" should be cut and divided, insisting on distribution according to work as the main body and coexistence of multiple distribution methods, and constructing primary distribution, Redistribution, third distribution coordination and supporting institutional system.
First, improving the distribution system is an inevitable requirement for promoting common prosperity.
Production determines distribution, and distribution reacts to production.
Since the reform and opening up, my country has initially established a socialist market economy distribution system, which has effectively promoted economic development and increased residents' income.
From 1979 to 2021, the average annual growth rate of my country's GDP was 9.2%, and the average annual growth rate of per capita disposable income of residents was 8.2%, among which the average annual growth rate of per capita disposable income of farmers was 0.6 percentage points faster than that of urban residents.
However, the problem of unbalanced distribution is still prominent.
Only by improving the distribution system can we further mobilize the enthusiasm of the majority of workers in production, better play the role of human resources and human capital, continue to expand domestic demand, especially the consumption demand of residents, and build a reasonable distribution pattern.
Second, improving the distribution system is an important part of upholding and improving the socialist system with Chinese characteristics.
The distribution system is fundamental and dynamic.
Improving the distribution system is conducive to upholding and improving the basic socialist economic system, the socialist market economic system, and the people's livelihood security system that balances urban and rural areas.
At the same time, adhering to the "two unwavering" principles, adhering to the principle of public ownership and the common development of multiple ownerships of the economy will also help to better play the role of distribution in promoting production, circulation, consumption and investment, thereby contributing to the promotion of the national governance system and The modernization of governance capabilities has laid a solid foundation.
Third, improving the distribution system is an important measure to play the role of multi-level distribution coordination and supporting systems.
Primary distribution, redistribution, and third distribution are not only different from each other, but also related to each other.
Primary distribution is the foundation and an important way to promote common prosperity. It is necessary to improve the mechanism of factors of production evaluated by the market and determine the remuneration according to the contribution; redistribution is a guarantee and an important means to promote common prosperity. It is necessary to improve the government's regulation of income distribution. The mechanism; the third distribution is supplementary and an auxiliary way to promote common prosperity. It is necessary to establish a mechanism for the society to voluntarily participate in public welfare and charity.
The three levels of distribution mechanisms are mutually coordinated and complementary, and operate in accordance with laws and regulations, which is conducive to the combination of an effective market, an active government, and a caring society, and solidly promote common prosperity.
Give full play to the basic role of the initial distribution
(1) Improve the balance, coordination and inclusiveness of development.
The people's happy life is achieved through hard work, and common prosperity must be created through hard work and wisdom.
We must put the promotion of high-quality development in the first place, form a development environment in which everyone participates, and build a solid material foundation for common prosperity.
First, promote the all-round development of people.
It is necessary to maintain social fairness and justice, prevent the solidification of social classes, open channels for upward mobility, promote fair opportunities, create more inclusive and fair conditions for people to improve their education and enhance their development capabilities, improve the employment, entrepreneurship, innovation and creativity of the whole society, and encourage hard work get rich.
Second, improve the system and mechanism for the integrated development of urban and rural areas.
We must persist in using cities to lead rural areas and promote agriculture through industry, consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation, comprehensively promote rural revitalization, strengthen monitoring and early intervention on people who are prone to return to poverty, and ensure that large-scale return to poverty and new poverty do not occur.
Open up income-increasing channels such as the development of rural characteristic industries, so that more farmers can work hard and become rich.
Strengthen the construction of rural infrastructure and public service systems to ensure the basic living conditions of farmers.
Improve the new urbanization strategy and promote the integration of migrant workers into cities.
Third, improve the system and mechanism of regional coordinated development.
It is necessary to deeply implement the regional coordinated development strategy and major regional strategies, increase support for underdeveloped regions, and enhance the self-development capabilities of underdeveloped regions.
Build a demonstration zone for common prosperity in Zhejiang.
Fourth, strengthen the coordination of industry development.
It is necessary to speed up the reform of monopoly industries, create a market environment for fair competition, and let the law of average profit rate play a role.
It is necessary to give full play to the initiative of enterprises to promote coordinated development, encourage, support and guide enterprises and financial institutions to increase environmental, social and governance (ESG) investment.
(2) Increase the proportion of residents' income and labor remuneration.
At present, the disposable income of my country's household sector accounts for about 60% of the total national disposable income, and labor compensation accounts for about 50% of the total national disposable income, which needs to be improved.
It is necessary to adhere to the basic synchronization between the growth of residents' income and economic growth, and the basic synchronization between the improvement of labor remuneration and the improvement of labor productivity, and build an income distribution system that reflects efficiency and promotes fairness.
First, strive to increase the proportion of residents' income in national income distribution.
It is necessary to increase the income of laborers by expanding employment and improving the quality of employment, expand the employment space of service industries, small and medium-sized enterprises, labor-intensive enterprises, and knowledge- and skill-intensive enterprises, stabilize new employment forms, increase employment income of flexible employment personnel, and help college graduates , migrant workers and other key groups to increase employment income.
Second, increase the proportion of labor remuneration in the primary distribution.
We must insist on more pay for more work, and focus on increasing labor income.
Improve the wage determination, reasonable increase and payment guarantee mechanism for workers, improve the minimum wage standard adjustment mechanism, and improve the long-term mechanism for the governance of migrant workers' wage arrears.
Improve the market-based salary distribution mechanism of state-owned enterprises and the incentive mechanism for scientific and technological innovation salary distribution, reform and improve the salary system of public institutions that reflect job performance and hierarchical and classified management, and implement and improve the normal salary adjustment mechanism for civil servants.
Improve the labor dispute mediation and arbitration mechanism, and improve the labor relationship consultation and coordination mechanism.
(3) Expand the middle-income group.
At present, the population of middle-income families in my country accounts for more than 30% of the total population, and there is a lot of room for improvement.
To increase the income of low-income earners, focus on increasing the proportion of middle-income households.
First, college graduates are an important aspect of those who are expected to enter the middle-income group.
It is necessary to improve the quality of higher education, so that learning can be specialized and useful.
Second, skilled workers should become an important part of the middle-income group.
It is necessary to increase the training of skilled personnel, improve the wages of skilled workers, and attract more workers to join the ranks of skilled workers.
Third, small, medium and micro enterprises and individual industrial and commercial practitioners are important groups who start their own businesses and become rich.
It is necessary to improve the business environment, promote stable operation and increase income.
Fourth, migrant workers in cities are an important source of middle-income groups.
It is necessary to deepen the reform of the household registration system and solve problems such as housing, medical care, education, and social security for the agriculturally transferred population.
It is necessary to reasonably increase the wages and benefits of grassroots civil servants and employees of grassroots enterprises and institutions.
(4) Improve the policy system of allocation according to factors.
The implementation of a mechanism in which production factors such as labor, capital, land, technology, management, knowledge, and data are evaluated by the market and rewards are determined according to the contribution is conducive to improving efficiency and benefit, promoting innovation, development, and transformation and upgrading.
It is necessary to improve the mechanism in which various factors of production are determined by the market, and expand and innovate income distribution methods.
First, broaden property income channels.
We should start with rural land and financial assets, explore ways to increase the income of low- and middle-income people through factors such as land and capital use rights and income rights, and increase the property income of urban and rural residents through multiple channels.
Deepen the reform of the rural land system and give farmers more adequate property rights.
Promote the lease, transfer, and mortgage of rural homesteads in an orderly manner, explore the realization of the same land and the same rights for rural collective land that has entered the market and state-owned land, and explore the distribution of rural collective economic benefits to local low-income groups in need.
Promote the stable and healthy development of the capital market, enrich the financial products that residents can invest in, and improve the dividend incentive mechanism for listed companies.
Promote the sustainable and healthy development of the real estate market and support residents in rationally owning housing assets.
Second, increase the income of technology, management and knowledge elements.
It is necessary to encourage qualified enterprises to make full use of equity, options and other tools to motivate core talents such as scientific research personnel.
Improve the incentive policy for the transformation of professional scientific and technological achievements, and improve the mechanism for sharing the rights and interests of scientific and technological personnel's scientific and technological achievements.
Third, build a data element revenue distribution mechanism.
It is necessary to actively cultivate the data market and improve the data value realization mechanism, scientifically define the ownership of data elements, explore and establish a method and system for rationally distributing the benefits of data elements, and promote the sharing of digital dividends.
Increase adjustments in taxation, social security, transfer payments, etc.
(1) Improve the tax adjustment mechanism.
Taxation is the main source of national finance, and it is also a powerful adjustment tool for income distribution.
First, optimize the tax structure.
It is necessary to improve the system of local taxes and direct taxes, increase the proportion of direct taxes, and enhance the regulating effect of taxes on income distribution.
Second, improve the personal income tax system.
It is necessary to improve the individual income tax system that combines comprehensiveness and classification, improve the scope and standards of special additional deductions, and optimize the structure of individual income tax rates.
Third, improve taxation on consumption and property.
It is necessary to increase the tax adjustment of the consumption link, actively and steadily promote the legislation and reform of real estate tax, and explore the establishment of a tax system compatible with the development of the digital economy.
Fourth, improve tax collection and management.
It is necessary to deepen the reform of the tax collection and management system, improve the natural person tax service and supervision system, and improve the tax supervision ability.
(2) Promote the equalization of basic public services.
This is an important way to promote common prosperity.
It is necessary to do our best and do what we can, improve basic public services and social security capabilities, and gradually realize the equalization of basic public services per capita.
First, improve the security services for the low-income population.
It is necessary to gradually improve the life assistance and special assistance system, accelerate the reduction of the difference in social assistance standards between urban and rural areas, gradually increase the minimum living security level in urban and rural areas, and improve the linkage mechanism between social assistance and security standards and price rises.
Second, promote educational equity.
It is necessary to increase inclusive human capital investment, promote the high-quality and balanced development of compulsory education and the integration of urban and rural areas, and effectively reduce the educational burden of poor families.
Third, improve the pension and medical security system.
It is necessary to gradually narrow the gap between employees and residents, between urban and rural areas in financing and security benefits, gradually increase the basic pension level of urban and rural residents, and accelerate the expansion of high-quality medical resources and the balanced distribution of regions.
Fourth, improve the housing supply and security system.
It is necessary to adhere to both rental and purchase, implement policies according to the city, improve the long-term rental housing policy, expand the supply of affordable rental housing, and focus on solving the housing problem for new citizens.
Fifth, improve the public cultural service system.
It is necessary to continuously meet the diverse, multi-level, and multi-faceted spiritual and cultural needs of the people, promote the common prosperity of the people's spiritual life, strengthen the guidance of public opinion on promoting common prosperity, and create a good atmosphere for public opinion.
(3) Increase transfer payments.
This is an important tool to promote coordinated regional development.
In 2022, the scale of transfer payments from the central government to local governments will be nearly 9.8 trillion yuan, an increase of about 1.5 trillion yuan compared with 2021, and the effect will be obvious.
First, improve the financial transfer payment system.
It is necessary to continue to increase fiscal transfer payments, narrow the gap in regional per capita fiscal expenditures, gradually realize balanced transfer payments mainly based on permanent residents, and enhance the ability to guarantee public services at the grassroots level.
Increase counterpart support and assistance efforts.
Second, optimize the transfer payment structure.
It is necessary to clarify the fiscal powers and expenditure responsibilities of the central and local governments, steadily increase the proportion of general transfer payments, and increase the proportion of balanced transfer payments in general transfer payments.
Third, strengthen transfer payment management.
It is necessary to improve the accuracy of the implementation of transfer payment projects, improve the efficiency of the use of transfer payment funds, and promote the institutionalization and standardization of transfer payments.
(4) Standardize the order of income distribution.
This is an important measure to eliminate unfair distribution and prevent polarization.
First, protect legal income.
It is necessary to protect labor and factor income, protect residents' property, protect property rights and intellectual property rights, and protect and mobilize the enthusiasm of entrepreneurs.
Second, adjust excessive income.
It is necessary to strengthen anti-monopoly and anti-unfair competition, standardize the management of capital income, standardize the wealth accumulation mechanism, and strengthen the regulation of high income through personal income tax, consumption tax, and property tax.
Clean up and standardize unreasonable income, control distribution chaos, and reasonably narrow the income distribution gap among industries.
Third, ban illegal income.
Resolutely curb power-for-money transactions, and resolutely crack down on illegal income such as insider trading, stock market manipulation, financial fraud, and tax evasion.
Establish and improve the third distribution mechanism
(1) Support willing and capable enterprises, social organizations and individuals to actively participate in public welfare and charity.
Entering the 21st century, my country's social public welfare undertakings have started rapidly, donations of property have increased rapidly, and the team of volunteers has continued to expand.
However, the development of public welfare and charitable undertakings is still relatively lagging behind in general, and social participation is insufficient.
It is necessary to further mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects of society to develop public welfare and charity, and support more people, property and property to invest in social public welfare.
Enterprises are the main body of charitable donations in my country. At present, corporate donations account for more than 60% of the total donations in money and materials.
It is necessary to encourage enterprises to better fulfill their social responsibilities, actively participate in ecological governance, people's livelihood construction, rural revitalization and coordinated regional development, and continue to increase charitable donations.
There are good conditions for social organizations to participate in the third distribution.
It is necessary to actively and orderly develop charitable organizations and mobilize more social organizations to participate in charitable donations based on their own reality.
The individual is the source of the living water that participates in the third distribution.
At present, individual donations account for less than 30% of the total donations in my country, which needs to be increased.
It is necessary to enhance personal awareness of public welfare and charity, and participate in public welfare and charity activities in various ways such as property donations, voluntary services, and mutual aid.
(2) Exploring the effective implementation forms of public welfare and charity activities.
First, improve the charitable organization model suitable for China's national conditions.
It is necessary to strengthen the construction of a modern charitable organization system, establish and improve the non-profit legal person system, and create a main platform for charitable donations.
Improve volunteer registration, service records, incentives and commendations, insurance guarantees, grassroots organizations and other systems, and build a volunteer service platform.
Second, explore various new donation models.
It is necessary to explore the way that finance can assist the third distribution, and encourage the establishment of charitable trusts.
Take advantage of the convenience and ubiquity of digital networks to actively cultivate and standardize the development of Internet charity.
Third, expand the fields of charitable donations and voluntary services.
It is necessary to increase charitable investment in poverty alleviation, education, medical and health care, assistance to the disabled and the elderly, disaster reduction and relief, expand charitable activities in the fields of ecological environmental protection, literature and art, science and technology, and support charitable forces to participate in major emergencies more timely and fully.
(3) Improve the system of policies and regulations for public welfare and charity and the social and cultural environment.
First, implement preferential tax policies for public welfare and charity.
Non-profit organizations engaged in public welfare or non-profit activities are exempted from taxation.
For public welfare donations incurred by enterprises, the part that does not exceed 12% of the total annual profit is allowed to deduct enterprise income tax.
For the amount of donations made by individuals for public welfare and charitable causes such as education, poverty alleviation, and relief, the part that does not exceed 30% of the income tax payable declared by the taxpayer can be deducted from the taxable income.
Donations to eligible public welfare charitable causes are subject to full pre-tax deduction of corporate income tax or personal income tax.
Establish and improve the charitable reward system so that donors can gain a sense of honor and accomplishment.
Second, strengthen the rule of law in the field of charity.
It is necessary to implement the Charity Law, the Public Welfare Donation Law, the Red Cross Law, the Civil Code, and the management regulations on the registration of social organizations and foundations, and promote relevant legislative amendments.
Third, improve the comprehensive charity supervision system.
It is necessary to strengthen the professionalization and standardization of charitable organizations, establish and improve the coordination and linkage mechanism of charitable organizations, volunteers, donors and government departments, and strengthen the supervision and management of the charity industry by government departments.
Fourth, create a social environment conducive to the development of public welfare and charity.
It is necessary to carry forward the traditional culture of the Chinese nation's benevolence and help each other, advocate upward kindness and caring for the society, and guide more individuals, associations and enterprises to voluntarily and actively participate in social public welfare undertakings.
(People's Daily)