China News Service, October 4th (Zhang Naiyue) Comprehensive report, on the afternoon of October 4th, Beijing time, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to scientists Alain Aspect, John Francis Krause ( John F. Clauser and Anton Zeilinger for their "experiments with entangled photons that established violations of Bell's inequality and pioneered quantum information science".

"A new quantum technology is emerging"

　　According to Nobel's official website, Alain Aspe was born in France in 1947, John Francis Krause was born in the United States in 1942, and Anton Salinger was born in Austria in 1945.

Image source: Nobel official website

　　The three scientists conducted groundbreaking experiments using entangled quantum states, in which two particles behave like a single unit even when they are separated.

Their findings clear the way for new technologies based on quantum information.

　　The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences says their work lays the foundation for a new era of quantum technology.

　　"It is becoming more and more evident that a new quantum technology is emerging. We can see that the research of entangled states by the laureates is very important, even beyond the fundamental problems of explaining quantum mechanics," said the chair of the Nobel Prize Committee in Physics Anders Ilbeck said.

　　In addition, this year's Nobel Prize in Physics will be awarded SEK 10 million, which will be divided equally among the winners.

When Physics 'Encounters' Global Warming

　　This summer, many parts of the world were hit by heat waves. India suffered the "hottest April" in 122 years. Under the high temperature, France, Germany and other places also experienced the test of drought and wildfires.

Readings from a thermometer on a street in Madrid, Spain, on July 15, 2022.

　　In 2021, extreme weather will occur more frequently around the world.

This year's Nobel Prize in Physics was also awarded to a climate physicist for the first time, highlighting the scientific community's emphasis on global warming.

　　In fact, scientists have proposed the concept of "greenhouse effect" as early as the first half of the 19th century, but for a long time, there has been a lack of clear quantitative analysis on the relationship between global warming and greenhouse gases.

　　Back in the 1960s, climate physicist Shuro Manabe, winner of the 2021 Nobel Prize in Physics, led the development of physical models of the Earth's climate that showed how increasing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could lead to a rise in Earth's surface temperature.

About 10 years later, Hasselman, another laureate, created a model linking weather and climate, thus answering the question of why climate models remain reliable when weather is variable and chaotic.

　　Physicist George Parisi, also co-awarded for the "discovery of disorder and wave interactions in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales," for his research that has led to the understanding and description of many different, apparently completely random materials and phenomena become possible.

　　The Earth's climate is a critically complex system that is difficult to understand because of its randomness and disorder, but the winners' work has given us new ways of describing and predicting their long-term behavior, as well as "understood" Earth's climate and how humans affect it" laid the groundwork.

He won the Nobel Prize in Physics twice

　　Since the first award in 1901 to 2021, the Nobel Prize in Physics has been awarded 115 times, and a total of 219 winners have appeared. However, one person has won this award twice.

　　He is the physicist John Bardeen.

Data map: Dozens to tens of billions of transistors may be integrated on mobile phone chips.

　　In 1956, John Bardeen, Walter Bratton and William Shockley won the Nobel Prize in Physics that year for their research on semiconductors and the discovery of the transistor effect.

　　In 1972 he was awarded with Leon Cooper and John Shriver for the theory of low-temperature superconductivity (BCS theory, which consists of three people's initials).

　　More importantly, the point-contact transistor invented by Badin became the first key for mankind to open the gate of transistors.

Since then, the microelectronics revolution has swept the world.

　　Today, transistors not only appear in simple electrical products such as calculators and radios, but also in mobile phones, tablets, computers and other "necessities" of modern life.

In addition, as the most basic device of electronic information systems, transistors are also widely used in scientific research such as aerospace, deep-sea exploration, and quantum computing.

It is no exaggeration to say that it "changed the whole of modern society".

　　Another study by Bardeen, the BCS theory, has uncovered the secret of superconductivity—the resistance of certain metals disappears completely at extremely low temperatures, and current can flow between them without loss.

　　Based on this theory, people have created technological miracles such as high-speed maglev trains and super atom colliders.