If you can't read these indicators, the physical examination is a waste.
"Doctor, what do these indicators and symbols on the medical report mean? Is there something wrong with my health?" When he opened the medical report, Xiao Li was dumbfounded. Faced with the dense numbers and arrows, Xiao Li was afraid that he would not understand correctly. affect subsequent treatment.
So, what should the medical report look like?
What should I do if the indicator is abnormal?
Don't worry, today, the doctor of the Health and Medical Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital will explain to you in detail how to understand the medical examination report.
Full of dry goods, collect it quickly-
Key words
Arrow plus minus plus minus sign
The appearance of "+" is not necessarily a bad thing. Many people get the medical examination report. When they see the up and down, plus, minus and minus symbols on the back of the indicators, they are immediately stunned - can they rescue it?
Don't panic, in fact, there is almost no "standard person" without a single symbol in the medical report.
Let's first understand what these common symbols in reports mean:
Up and down arrows (↑, ↓) In the physical examination report, numerical indicators have a reference range (in medicine, the range of a certain indicator of 95% of normal people is usually used as the reference value range), and the indicator value is not within this range. will be marked as rising (↑) or falling (↓).
The plus and minus signs (+, -) represent "yes" and "no" respectively, that is, the test results are positive and negative, respectively.
A plus or minus sign (±) represents an indeterminate positive result.
In fact, the appearance of an arrow in the report does not mean that the indicator must be abnormal or suffering from a certain disease, and a positive result does not necessarily mean that there is a problem. For example, when the hepatitis B surface antibody is positive, it means that you have resistance, which is a good thing.
So when you see the symbols, don't get too hung up on it.
Here is a reminder: In the formal medical report, it is recommended that you focus on the summary of abnormal results and clear suggestions for the next processing method.
Key words
blood routine
Focus on these "three lines" Routine blood test is the most basic and widely used test item, reflecting the distribution of cells in the blood.
After getting the medical report, we should focus on the "three lines", namely red blood cells (responsible for oxygen transport), white blood cells (responsible for immune response), and platelets (responsible for hemostasis).
Their "job responsibilities" are like cooks, security guards and doctors.
The obvious increase or decrease of "three lines" indicates that there are certain problems. For example, low white blood cells may lead to a decline in the body's resistance, and high levels may indicate that there may be an inflammatory reaction in the body and an infection.
Elevated white blood cells are not necessarily leukemia. Leukemia is a malignant tumor of the hematopoietic system and is divided into several types.
The blood routine indexes of patients with different types of leukemia are different.
Although some will show a significant increase in white blood cells, but there are also cases of no increase or decrease, which is often accompanied by abnormal prompts of other indicators of blood routine.
Typically, the most common cause of elevated white blood cells is the body's inflammatory response.
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cholesterol
Cholesterol can not be "killed with a stick" Is high cholesterol good or bad, can you still eat meat, eggs and milk?
In fact, cholesterol is not exactly "bad stuff".
HDL cholesterol protects blood vessels, so the higher the better.
But if you have high LDL or non-HDL cholesterol, beware, this suggests that your lifestyle needs to be improved - the diet recommends reducing the intake of greasy foods and drinking low-fat milk.
Is it safe to be a vegetarian without having to quit meat?
Without the intake of animal nutrients, the body will be deficient in some essential nutrients such as vitamin B12.
Therefore, this type of food cannot be completely avoided.
Reducing greasy food emphasizes controlling the intake of animal offal, frying, desserts, snacks, etc., and reducing entertainment.
It is also necessary to increase the amount of exercise, it is recommended to exercise at least 5 times a week.
In addition, dyslipidemia may also be related to genetic factors, and drug treatment can be actively carried out under the advice of professional doctors.
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Tumor markers
These people focus on checking tumor markers. Tumor markers are substances detected in the blood that have a certain relationship with the occurrence and development of tumors, and the types are very wide.
What are the common tumor markers in physical examination?
The more commonly used ones are PSA (prostate-specific antigen), AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen), and CA199, CA125 of the CA series of carbohydrate antigens.
Some indicators whose names are not related to tumors, such as ferritin, M protein, HCG, etc., may also be related to tumors.
Men over the age of 40 can be screened for prostate cancer with regular PSA testing.
Those with a history of chronic hepatitis and an increased risk of liver cancer should be regularly tested for AFP.
People with a family history of hereditary tumors and an increased risk of ovarian or pancreatic cancer can be regularly tested for CA125 and CA199.
But beware: tumor markers are not a substitute for imaging or endoscopy.
If a physical examination finds that tumor markers are elevated, does it mean that you have cancer?
There is indeed a correlation between tumor markers and tumors, but in most cases there is no one-to-one correspondence.
This means that if you have a tumor, the tumor markers are not necessarily elevated, and the elevated markers may not necessarily mean you have a tumor.
However, when the tumor markers are significantly increased and become higher, we need to pay attention, and it is often necessary to combine imaging examinations to find possible tumors.
Therefore, once you find that the tumor markers are elevated, don't be too nervous, you must listen to the opinions of professional doctors, improve the necessary inspections, and observe the dynamic changes of the indicators.
Key words
polyp
Where are polyps more dangerous?
Polyps are lesions that grow on the mucous membranes, so they will appear in the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, uterus, etc.
Gastrointestinal polyps have the potential to become malignant and should be removed promptly.
Polyps in the gallbladder are generally 1 cm as the standard, and those larger than 1 cm are considered to be removed.
In addition, gallbladder polyps that grow too fast also require timely intervention.
Cervical polyps or endometrial polyps are often found in women's physical examination, most of which are benign, so there is no need to worry too much.
However, when the polyp is large or there are clinical symptoms such as bleeding, resection can be considered.
Key words
urine routine
A positive urine ketone body does not necessarily mean that the normal urine of diabetes is light yellow and clear. If it appears dark brown, soy sauce, etc., it indicates that the urine may be abnormal.
The normal range of urine pH is 4.5 to 8, but changes in pH with pathological significance are often caused by acidosis.
Diabetic patients with poorly controlled conditions often have positive urine ketone bodies and urine glucose, but most of the positive urine ketone bodies seen in the physical examination report are caused by fat metabolites produced in fasting and starvation states.
When urine glucose is positive in people with no blood sugar problems, it is necessary to check whether there is a problem with renal tubular reabsorption.
In addition, urobilinogen and bilirubin positivity is associated with bilirubin metabolism, but may also be associated with some hematological diseases, not necessarily representing liver disease.
Therefore, it should be combined with blood indicators and abdominal ultrasound.
There can be a small number of cells in the urine Normal urine can have a small number of red and white blood cells.
However, after eliminating contamination factors, if the number of red and white blood cells increases, further examination is required.
In high-risk groups or patients with a history of urologic tumors, tumor cells can be detected by urine pathology.
Hypertensive and diabetic patients are recommended to do regular urine ACR test to detect urinary microalbumin in order to detect early kidney damage and adjust medication in time.
Key words
stool examination
It has the highest rejection rate, but it is the most effective method for colorectal cancer screening. Fecal examination is the item with the highest rejection rate in the physical examination, and positive fecal occult blood is also the most easily overlooked abnormal result.
Colonoscopy is generally not included in the routine physical examination package. At this time, the most effective method for colorectal cancer screening is fecal occult blood, so do not give up casually. Submit for inspection.
When fecal occult blood is positive, don't take it for granted as "hemorrhoids". It is recommended that people over 50 years old or those with a family history of digestive system tumors complete gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Young people should not be taken lightly if they have positive occult blood in the stool, and at least three consecutive re-examinations should be carried out.
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Helicobacter pylori
There are two detection methods for Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium in the stomach. It has coexisted with humans for more than 50,000 years. The infection rate of the world's population exceeds 50%.
Due to the communal eating habits, the infection rate of Chinese people is high.
The detection methods of Helicobacter pylori are divided into the detection of current infection and the detection of traces of infection.
The detection of current infection includes urea breath test, fecal antigen and gastroscope urease test; the detection of traces of infection requires blood to detect antibodies. When the blood antibody is positive, it means that you have been infected with Helicobacter pylori.
Stomach disease people must do "sterilization treatment" Helicobacter pylori is related to the incidence of gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma, but "whether to kill it" is still controversial.
In general, it is recommended that people with gastric diseases must undergo bactericidal treatment. Quadruple therapy is more commonly used, that is, two antibiotics, bismuth and acid suppressants are taken in combination for about 2 weeks. It should be noted that in the Evidence of current infection must be present before deciding on treatment.
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Hyperplasia, cysts and nodules
There is a risk of cysts growing in this position. In the medical report, we often see the descriptions of "hyperplasia", "cyst", "nodule" and "massage".
What kind of risks do these suggest?
The potential risks of lesions in different parts are different and cannot be generalized.
For example, for the breast, hyperplasia is a normal manifestation of breasts in women of childbearing age, and cysts are generally benign.
But the same cyst, when the pancreas, kidney, and ovary appear, has the risk of potential malignancy.
Which parts of the nodules should be vigilant?
Physical examination reports often give grading indices for breast, thyroid, and pulmonary nodules. Once grade 4 or above is indicated, vigilance is required.
It is recommended to pay attention to and compare the physical examination reports over the years, increase the observation frequency for newly discovered cysts and nodules, and observe the size changes every 3 months.
knock on the blackboard
Professional and formal medical examination institutions will take the initiative to prompt when high-risk abnormal values are found, and clearly inform in the medical examination report whether they need to see a doctor, or review them in a few months.
Therefore, it is not recommended that you search and characterize the abnormal indicators on the Internet by yourself.
We encourage everyone to seek face-to-face consultation with a professional doctor after receiving the medical report. The doctor can give more accurate advice based on individual circumstances.