The anti-cancer screening manual is here, please check it
Early screening, early diagnosis and early treatment are effective means to reduce cancer mortality
According to the information disclosed by the National Cancer Registry, among the major cancer types in my country, most of the patients with lung cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, and bowel cancer were diagnosed in the middle and advanced stages.
Take liver cancer as an example. In 2020, nearly half of the new cases in the world will be in my country, and about 80% of liver cancer patients are in the middle and advanced stages when they are first diagnosed.
Dr. Wang Xin from the Department of Oncology Radiotherapy, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, said that early screening, early diagnosis, and early treatment are recognized as effective means to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality. In fact, some cancers also have some symptoms and signs in the early stages. It is recommended that citizens especially High-risk groups should choose targeted anti-cancer screening.
Tertiary prevention of tumors
A disease has a long process from its occurrence to the development of a tumor, which provides time and opportunities for prevention.
In the eyes of the industry, tumor prevention is actually much more important than treatment. The ultimate goal of prevention is to reduce the incidence and mortality of tumors.
"Tertiary tumor prevention includes primary prevention, secondary prevention, and tertiary prevention." Wang Xin said, primary prevention refers to etiological prevention, that is, prevention and elimination of the causes that can cause tumors, such as smoking and lung cancer. The relationship is very close. Strengthening publicity and education to encourage patients to quit smoking to prevent lung cancer is the primary prevention of tumors.
In addition, it also includes the aspects of physiology, psychology, society, chemistry, etc., to increase the understanding and cognition of tumors, to fundamentally reduce the probability of tumor occurrence, and to achieve the effect of prevention and treatment.
Secondary prevention refers to pathogenesis prevention, in simple terms, early tumor screening for patients with high risk of malignant tumors to achieve early detection, early diagnosis, and early treatment.
Lung cancer screening in smoking patients over the age of 40, that is, chest spiral CT examination to prevent the occurrence of lung cancer is secondary prevention.
Tertiary prevention refers to the prevention of recurrence of patients who have already had malignant tumors, prevention of complications after chemotherapy in cancer patients, etc. The tertiary prevention of tumors is an organic whole, which can reduce the incidence of tumors, lethality and disability rates, and increase tumors. The therapeutic effect of the drug has an important promoting effect.
In fact, the occurrence of many cancers is more or less directly or indirectly related to bad lifestyles.
Wang Xin suggested that citizens develop a good lifestyle, try not to smoke or drink alcohol, do moderate exercise, rest normally, ensure the necessary sleep time, eat more fruits and vegetables, and eat a healthy diet.
"Studies have shown that emotions and tumors are also related to a certain extent." Wang Xin said. Research has found that breast cancer patients have encountered tensions caused by pressure from family life, work, study, and social interaction before being diagnosed.
Negative emotional stimulation can cause the body's nerve dysfunction, decrease the immune function, inhibit the body's defense ability, increase the probability of disease, and accelerate the development of the disease.
Long-term mood changes can also cause changes in endocrine and immune functions, and increase the incidence of cancer.
These symptoms are in the early stages of cancer
At present, the incidence of cancer is getting higher and higher, and many patients are often in the middle and advanced stages when they are diagnosed with cancer.
In fact, many cancers are also traceable, and there will be some symptoms and signs in the early stages.
Pay attention to lumps and nodules.
If there is a lump nodule in a certain part of the body, you can make a preliminary judgment on it: depending on the size, the smaller the nodule, the more likely it is to be benign. Of course, it is not absolute. Pay attention to the follow-up review, the size, change trend and speed of the nodule. Both have important reference value. Nodules that increase continuously, especially those that increase rapidly, are prone to malignancy.
Depending on the texture, soft or cystic masses tend to be benign, hard, fixed or solid masses, which tend to be malignant, but the enlarged lymph nodes of lymphoma feel tough.
Looking at the boundaries and mobility, benign tumors usually have clear boundaries and good mobility; most malignant tumors have unclear boundaries, often adhere to or merge with surrounding tissues, and have poor mobility.
The cough does not heal for a long time.
Many people take coughs offended and don't pay much attention to it.
For chronic coughs or blood in sputum, especially long-term smokers, beware of the possibility of lung cancer.
Inexplicably thin and tired.
If you do not take the initiative to lose weight and do not deliberately go on a diet, but the weight is lost for unknown reasons or progressive weight loss, or accompanied by anorexia, fatigue, fatigue, etc., to find out the cause, weight loss and fatigue may also be one of the manifestations of cancer .
Changes in stool habits.
Changes in bowel habits, frequency, or characteristics, such as thinning of stool, pus, blood, mucus in stool, or alternating constipation and diarrhea, should be alert to colorectal cancer and go to the hospital for examination as soon as possible.
Persistent dysphagia.
If you have a feeling of fullness behind the sternum or a burning sensation behind the sternum, pain behind the sternum, or a foreign body sensation in the esophagus, especially a progressively worsening obstruction of swallowing food, beware of the possibility of esophageal cancer and laryngeal cancer.
Irregular bleeding.
For example, blood in the stool or vomiting blood, pay attention to rule out bowel cancer, gastric cancer; hemoptysis, blood in sputum, be wary of lung cancer; irregular vaginal bleeding or non-menstrual bleeding, may be related to endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer and other gynecological tumors; For painless hematuria or dysuria, be careful of urinary system tumors; for non-traumatic nose bleeding, be careful to rule out nasopharyngeal cancer.
link
8 cancer screening methods to know
Wang Xin introduced that cancer screening is a more professional and targeted physical examination method.
Those who do, what items to do, and how to do it are all very particular. This reflects the pertinence and professionalism of the anti-cancer physical examination, and it is also the fundamental difference between it and the general health examination.
Cancer screening should comprehensively consider age, gender, family history, residence, lifestyle, and eating habits, etc., and choose targeted screening measures, mainly for those common cancers and cancer types that have clear screening methods.
Lung cancer screening.
People at high risk of lung cancer have a low-dose spiral CT examination every year.
The lung nodules found in the screening are determined, and the next follow-up and treatment plan is determined according to the specific situation.
According to the 2015 "Expert Consensus on Low-dose Spiral CT Lung Cancer Screening" of the Cardiothoracic Group of the Chinese Medical Association, it is recommended to define the high-risk population as: age 50-75 years; at least one of the following risk factors, including smoking ≥20 packs /Year, or smoking index more than 400 years, including those who used to smoke but have quit smoking for less than 15 years, passive smokers; have occupational exposure history; have malignant tumor or family history of lung cancer; have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or diffuse History of pulmonary fibrosis.
Breast cancer screening.
It is recommended that people at high risk of breast cancer be screened in advance (less than 40 years old). The screening interval is recommended once a year. In addition to the general population's mammogram, the screening method can also use new imaging methods such as MRI.
High-risk groups of breast cancer include those with a clear genetic predisposition for breast cancer, patients with past breast duct or lobular dysplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ, and past chest radiotherapy.
Cervical cancer screening.
For women aged 21-29, screening starts at the age of 21, and routine or liquid-based Pap test screening is performed every 3 years.
For women aged 30-65, HPV testing and Pap test should be performed every 5 years (preferred), or Pap test every 3 years.
Women over 65: If the Pap test is negative for ≥3 times in a row in the last 10 years, or the HPV test is negative for ≥2 times in a row, and the most recent test occurred within the last 5 years, cervical cancer screening should be stopped.
Women who have undergone total hysterectomy do not need to undergo cervical cancer screening.
Prostate cancer screening.
For men ≥50 years of age and life expectancy ≥10 years, after obtaining relevant information about the potential benefits, risks and uncertainties of prostate cancer screening, discuss with medical staff and decide whether to proceed with prostate cancer screening after knowing the pros and cons. .
Esophageal cancer screening.
It is recommended that people at high risk of esophageal cancer should be screened. Eligible conditions include age <40 years old, from a high-risk area of esophageal cancer, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, family history of esophageal cancer, precancerous disease or precancerous lesions of esophagus, and others. Risk factors for esophageal cancer, such as smoking, heavy drinking, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck or respiratory tract, etc.
Gastric cancer screening.
If the age is ≥40 years old and meets any of the following, it is recommended to be the target population for gastric cancer screening: people in areas with a high incidence of gastric cancer; people with Hp infection; past chronic atrophic gastritis, gastric ulcer, gastric polyps, postoperative remnant stomach, hypertrophy Precancerous gastritis, pernicious anemia and other gastric precancerous diseases; first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients; other risk factors for gastric cancer, such as high salt intake, salted diet, smoking, heavy drinking, etc.
Screening for colorectal cancer.
High-risk groups should undergo high-intensity screening, including early screening and more frequent screening.
Liver cancer screening.
Hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus infection, long-term alcoholism, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, eating food contaminated with aflatoxin, liver cirrhosis caused by various reasons, and high-risk groups with a family history of liver cancer, aged over 40, it is recommended to consider every six months Screen once.
Text/Picture: Chen Zhiyu, Peng Keming, He Jinghong, Qing Medical Xuan, Liu Qiuyi