1953 was the first year of the "First Five-Year Plan". The GDP of that year was calculated to be 82.44 billion yuan by the National Bureau of Statistics.
2020 is the final year of the "14th Five-Year Plan", with a GDP of 101,5986 billion yuan that year.
This chart records the ups and downs of GDP in the past 70 years, and from the many changes in the name of the "Five-Year Plan", the imprint of the times can also be seen.
From "First Five-Year" to "Sixth Five-Year"
We walked like this
The "First Five-Year Plan": an unprecedented investment move in China's history
It has been enacted since 1951.
The number of drafts was changed, and they were finally confirmed in 1955.
However, the construction tasks of the "First Five-Year Plan" have actually been implemented since 1953.
According to the "First Five-Year Plan", the state's total investment in economic construction in five years will reach 76.6 billion yuan.
This is an unprecedented investment move in China's history.
After five years of hard work, by the end of 1957, all the targets of the "First Five-Year Plan" had been substantially exceeded, and brilliant achievements that caught the attention of the world had been achieved.
During the "First Five-Year Plan" period, China's industrial production achievements far exceeded the previous 100 years.
This period was also the period with the best economic benefits in China before 1978.
"The Second Five-Year Plan": experiencing great ups and downs
In August 1955, less than a month after the "First Five-Year Plan" was officially promulgated, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China began to consider formulating the "Second Five-Year Plan".
Unexpectedly, the tremendous results achieved by the "First Five-Year Plan" have also led to the phenomenon of neglecting research and grasping the laws of economic development within the party, and then showing a "Left" rash advance in economic construction.
In this context, the "Second Five-Year Plan" went through many waves and ups and downs from formulation to implementation, and ultimately failed to be officially promulgated.
What's more serious is that during the "2nd Five-Year Plan" period, China also experienced major setbacks and huge economic difficulties.
"Three Five-Year Plan": From focusing on "food and clothing" to focusing on preparing for war
From 1962 to 1965, a three-year economic adjustment was carried out, which was not included in the five-year plan.
Since 1963, China has been considering the formulation of the "Three Five-Year Plan".
The original goal was to concentrate efforts to solve the people's food, clothing, and use problems.
Later, in accordance with Mao Zedong's request, the third-line construction was quickly carried out to strengthen combat readiness.
1966 was supposed to be the first year of the "Three-Five-Year Plan". However, the entire society was turbulent and economic operations were even more difficult.
The successive declines in industrial production in 1967 and 1968 not only put the country into an extremely difficult situation, but also put the "Three Five-Year Plan" completely in danger.
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China took strong measures to rectify the production order, restore and strengthen the leadership and economic planning departments of various regions, and even sent the army to participate in the takeover, and strictly ordered the completion of a batch of key projects of the "Three Five-Year Plan" that were suspended within a time limit. The difficult situation in the economic field Be relieved.
Subsequently, a number of key projects were relaunched.
Beginning in 1969, the national economy began to recover slowly, reversing the unfavorable situation of continuous decline in industrial production.
Due to the relatively rapid development of the national economy in 1969 and 1970, most of the indicators stipulated in the "Three Five-Year Plan" were completed.
"Fourth Five-Year Plan": "Three Breakthroughs" and Two Adjustments
Under extremely difficult circumstances, the Chinese people have completed the "Three Five-Year Plan" through hard work.
Many people mistakenly believe that as long as they "grasp the revolution," they can "promote production." Under such a domestic and international background, the "Fourth Five-Year Plan" has again blindly pursued high speed and high targets during the formulation and implementation of the "Fourth Five-Year Plan".
The number of employees, wage expenditures, and grain sales have all exceeded the predetermined plan, which has led to a high degree of national financial and material tension, and the reduction of agricultural labor force has caused a shortage of food supplies.
Zhou Enlai pointed out solemnly: "There are too many tickets issued and the maximum warning line has been reached."
After two adjustments led by Zhou Enlai in 1972 and Deng Xiaoping in 1975, the national economy quickly turned from stagnation and decline to rebound.
"Five Five" Plan: Experience a great historical turning point
The formulation of the "Five Five-Year Plan" began in 1974.
In 1975, after discussion and revision by the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the "Outline of the Ten-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy (Draft)" (referred to as the "10-Year Outline") was formed.
The "Five Five" plan does not have an independent text, and all the contents are included in the "10-year outline."
However, due to various reasons, neither the "Ten-Year Outline" nor the "Fifth Five-Year Plan" were formally issued and implemented.
In 1977, the "Outline of the Ten-Year Plan for the Development of the National Economy from 1976 to 1985 (Draft)" was formed. The indicators were too high and exceeded the limit of the country's financial and material resources. Economist Xue Muqiao finished listening. After these indicators, I went home and cried bitterly.
After two years of adjustments in 1979 and 1980, considerable results have been achieved. Some major proportions have begun to develop in a reasonable direction, economic life has become active, and people's lives have improved.
On the other hand, the fiscal deficit in 1979 reached the highest level since the founding of the People's Republic of China; by the end of 1980, the currency circulation was 13.2 billion yuan, and the currency circulation was close to the critical point that caused an economic crisis.
"Sixth Five-Year Plan": It has been in operation for two years when it was announced
Beginning in 1975, the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" was formulated three times before and after. After several rounds of adjustments and revisions, it was approved by the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 10, 1982.
At this time, two years have passed since the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period.
However, this is after all the first "five-year plan" formulated and announced in the new period of reform and opening up, indicating that China's economic construction is on the track of healthy development.
Therefore, when the "Sixth Five-Year Plan" was published in the People's Daily, it attracted strong attention.
This is another relatively complete five-year plan after the "First Five-Year Plan".
During this period, China's economy began to grow rapidly after full adjustments: the reform of contracting rights first appeared in the rural areas, and the farmers were very enthusiastic about production. The food and clothing problems that had plagued China for a long time were gradually solved.
The "Sixth Five-Year Plan" period is a period of rapid economic development and major achievements in China, and it is also one of the fastest growing periods since the founding of the People's Republic of China.
When "Chinese-style planning"
Encounter the black swan
Regarding the extremely complex system of national economic and social development, no matter how smart planning or planning agency is, it is difficult to accurately control it on a long time scale, especially some "black swan" events are even more difficult to predict.
Therefore, it is very necessary to adjust the plan according to the situation. This is one of the important experiences of Chinese-style planning.
Judging from the five-year plans since the reform and opening up, almost all of these plans have experienced obvious "mid-term changes."
For example, in the middle and late stages of the implementation of the "Seventh Five-Year Plan", severe inflation occurred and immediately carried out unpredictable governance and rectification; in the middle of the implementation of the "Eighth Five-Year Plan", after Deng Xiaoping's talks in the south in 1992, a new round of thinking was brought forth. The great liberation, coupled with the establishment of the reform goals for the establishment of a socialist market economic system, greatly stimulated economic vitality, so in 1993, the original growth rate was greatly increased.
In 1996, the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" got off to a good start-inflation was greatly eased, and major macroeconomic indicators performed well.
Unexpectedly, in the second half of 1997, a financial crisis broke out in some Southeast Asian countries, which soon spread to Asia and the rest of the world, causing continued turbulence in the international financial market and severely impacting the world economy.
China's total foreign trade imports and exports are on a downward trend, and economic development has encountered serious challenges.
The growth rate of foreign trade exports dropped sharply from 20% in 1996 to 0.5%, and the use of foreign capital fell to the lowest point in 20 years. In the first half of 1998, there were no commodities that were in short supply in the domestic consumer goods retail market, and the overcapacity situation gradually intensified. The trend of deflation; enterprises are underemployed, the industrial economy is declining, investment is decelerating, consumption is weak, and unemployment is increasing.
To this end, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China took the initiative to make important adjustments to the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" to stimulate economic growth: decisively expand domestic demand, adopt a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy; increase the livelihood of low- and middle-income earners and improve people’s lives. Increase the export tax rebate rate, combat smuggling, and do everything possible to increase exports; reduce deposit and loan interest rates, carry out market-oriented reforms in education, medical care and housing, and set up holiday "golden weeks" to make these measures synergize and stimulate consumption; increase the issuance of national debt and loans, It is mainly used for rural power grid transformation, highway construction, urban infrastructure construction, expansion of university enrollment, construction of national grain depots, and reinforcement of the Yangtze River's main embankment.
After the adjustment decision was issued, construction activities across the country were quickly carried out, and significant results were achieved.
During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, China's total national economy has leapt to a new level.
In the past five years, the GDP has grown at an average annual rate of 8.3%. In 2000, the GDP exceeded 10 trillion yuan, ranking seventh in the world.
With the completion of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", China has achieved the second-step strategic goal of modernization, laying a good foundation for the implementation of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" and starting to move towards the third-step strategic goal.
A brief history of the rise and fall of world planning
Friedrich Liszt, the founder of the German Historical School, was one of the pioneers in advocating national planning. His famous book "The National System of Political Economy" (published in 1841) believed: "The wind will bring the seeds from this place to that The place, the barren wilderness will become a dense forest, but if you want to cultivate the forest, you have to wait for the wind to make such a change in the course of several centuries. Is there such a stupid way in the world? If a forest planter chooses Tree seedlings, actively cultivated, achieved the same goal within a few decades. Isn’t this a desirable way? History tells us that many countries have successfully achieved their goals by adopting the methods of the forest planter. "
Marxist theorists are important founders of national planning theory.
Marx believes that the lack of capitalism is its blindness, so socialism needs an organized way.
Lenin first proposed the concept of national planning.
The earliest prototypes of national-level planning appeared during World War I, mainly serving countries to quickly manage and allocate very scarce strategic material resources during the war. For example, Germany established a series of wartime institutions to manage more than 300 kinds of raw materials nationwide. Overall planning and management of national production and consumption needs.
The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China held in April 1929 and passed the 1928-1932 National Economic Plan, marking the birth of the five-year planning system.
Through two five-year plans, the Soviet Union initially established an independent and relatively complete national economic system and realized industrialization centered on heavy industry. The total industrial output value quickly jumped to the first place in Europe and the second place in the world.
After the 1930s, there was a wave of planning that swept the world.
The United States established the National Planning Commission in 1934.
After the Second World War, most countries faced a shortage of materials and resources. Many countries with a market economy system explored the introduction of a central planning system and the government intervened in the economy.
France established the National Planning Commission, Japan established the Economic Planning Agency, and the Netherlands, Norway, Belgium, the United Kingdom, Italy, and Denmark followed suit.
In addition, most African countries have chosen a development planning system after they were liberated from colonial rule.
Beginning in the 1960s, the planning system began to appear in crisis. The central government used administrative orders to guide local economic and social development, and local governments had no enthusiasm. In addition, objective reality is always full of unknowns, and planning often does not conform to reality or cannot adapt to development trends. , And cannot be adjusted in time.
In the 1970s, Africa's development planning failed on the whole, and a wave of de-planning gradually appeared in the world.
Subsequently, the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe began to reform the planning system, mainly in the form of "rolling" annual plans to increase planning flexibility.
In April 1991, the Soviet State Planning Commission, which had existed for 70 years, was abolished, announcing the end of the five-year planning system in the Soviet Union.
Judging from the practice of various countries in the world, 12 of the 13 sustained high-growth economies summarized by the World Bank have implemented a planning system, including Taiwan, China. Taiwan formulated and implemented ten from 1953 to 1993. "Four Year Plan".
The only high-growth economy that has not adopted a planning system is Hong Kong, China.
Changjiang Daily reporter Li Xu