How to fight floods with more than 70 "cultural relics bridges" destroyed ancient bridges
◆ This year is the most severely damaged cultural relics during the flood season in recent years. The ancient bridge was washed out more seriously
◆ At present, there are less than 10,000 ancient bridges in the true sense in my country, which are included in cultural relics protection units. The proportion of ancient bridges protected by the Cultural Relics Law is not high. Among the 5,058 national security units in 8 batches that have been approved, only Guqiao has fewer than 100
◆ Pre-flood investigation and rescue maintenance and protection need to be strengthened, to prevent excessive human activities from occupying the living space of the ancient bridge, and scientific restoration of the ancient bridge needs to be strengthened... The protection of ancient bridges under extreme climatic conditions still has multiple "soft ribs"
The original title "How does the ancient bridge fight the flood"
The ancient bridge was in desperation when floods struck.
"This year's flood season, the damaged cultural relics have a wide range, a large number, and a large loss. It is the most severely damaged year in recent years." serious.
Many ancient bridges with a history of hundreds of years of "provincial protection" and "national protection" bear the brunt.
In extreme weather conditions, the ancient bridge is always in dangerous places.
Water treasure that collapsed
On June 13, the Yongding District, Zhangjiajie City, Hunan Province, deep in the Wuling Mountains, experienced strong winds and showers.
The following flash floods roared towards the Matou River Wind and Rain Bridge in Wangjiaping Town. After standing upright in the rapids for a while, this ancient bridge with a history of about 300 years collapsed.
Five years ago, a reporter from "Liaowang" Newsweek had a glimpse of the wind and rain bridge in Matou Creek. This ancient wind and rain bridge between the beautiful mountains and beautiful waters is formed by connecting two small bridges between the east and the west. The bridge body and the bridge hole present a distinctive "product" structure. Although it has been baptized by wind and rain, the main structure is still well preserved. The bridge keel, the Queti ring beam and other components have unique Tujia customs, and are regarded as one of the representative works of ethnic minority shingle bridge construction by the academic circles. The locals regard it as a treasure and have repeatedly repaired it.
After the Matouxi Wind and Rain Bridge collapsed, the people were anxious and some wept bitterly. When the flood receded, some people jumped into the stream and desperately searched for bridge components that had sunk into the water or washed up on the beach.
According to Tang Yongcai, head of the cultural relics department of Yongding District, after the Matouxi Wind and Rain Bridge collapsed, the Hunan Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau, the local government and relevant departments rushed to the scene to check the damage and deploy the restoration of the ancient bridge. At present, cultural relics experts are surveying and mapping, and are beginning to design reconstruction plans. "Fortunately, the villagers salvaged them in time and spontaneously. The original components such as the keel and bridge pier stones that they have collected can still be used for future restoration."
Many ancient bridges were damaged to varying degrees during the southern flood. According to statistics from the State Administration of Cultural Heritage, as of July 16, more than 500 immovable cultural relics in the 11 southern provinces were damaged to varying degrees due to floods, including more than 70 bridges. National key cultural relics protection units, Tunxi Town, Huangshan, Anhui, and Aba, Sichuan The Dawei Huishi Bridge, the relics of the Long March of the Red Army, and the Tsinghua Rainbow Bridge in Wuyuan, Jiangxi, were destroyed...
How to protect the ancient bridge to the maximum under extreme climatic conditions, especially floods, has become a difficult problem.
"Living fossils of ancient buildings" have protective weaknesses
Studies have shown that there are currently less than 10,000 ancient bridges in the true sense remaining in our country, which are included in cultural relics protection units. The proportion of ancient bridges protected by the Cultural Relics Law is not high. Among the 5,058 national security units in 8 batches that have been approved, only Guqiao has fewer than 100.
After this round of southern flooding has repeatedly caused damage to cultural relics, especially ancient bridges, the State Administration of Cultural Heritage issued an emergency notice requesting all localities to comprehensively strengthen the safety of cultural relics during the flood season.
The reporter interviewed grassroots cultural relics protection workers, township cadres, experts and scholars and learned that the protection of ancient bridges under extreme climatic conditions still has multiple weaknesses:
——Pre-flood investigation and rescue maintenance and protection need to be strengthened. Some local cultural relics departments need to strengthen the investigation of the risks faced by the existing ancient bridges before the arrival of the flood; the rescue maintenance and protection of the ancient bridges that are in danger of damage and disappearance is often difficult to grasp the timing of the dry season.
-Prevent excessive human activities from occupying the living space of the ancient bridge. Some experts pointed out that in order to deal with the risk of mountain torrents, when ancient bridges in mountainous areas are built, there are often spillways at both ends of the bridges. However, in recent years, some places have over-expanded residential buildings along the river, developed tourism, artificially narrowed river channels and blocked spillway, which easily increased the risk of ancient bridge collapse. In addition, some ancient bridges have become longer and longer, and their "physical strength" has gradually declined. The opening to traffic and pedestrian functions have increased the burden of the ancient bridges. Over the years, the ancient bridge gradually became overwhelmed and easily collapsed when encountered natural disasters such as mountain torrents.
——The scientific restoration of ancient bridges needs to be strengthened. Some ancient bridges did not use building materials that matched the characteristics of the ancient bridge itself, did not pay attention to protecting the structural characteristics of the ancient bridge itself, and failed to restore the historical style of the ancient bridge. If some ancient bridges are refurbished, some stone components are replaced with reinforced concrete components, which not only detracts from the value of cultural relics, but also easily causes safety problems due to the mismatch of bridge materials. There are also historical bridge restoration projects that emphasize the economic strength and qualification level of the participants in the restoration project, and ignore or even reject the introduction of traditional crafts and craftsmen such as "tenon and tenon" wooden structure making. , Nor can it withstand the test of natural disasters such as the "Dragon Boat Festival".
"Pearl in the palm"
Hope for legislation, hope for funds, hope for attention
Hu Binbin, director of the Center for Chinese Village Culture Research of Central South University, who has been studying cultural heritage protection for a long time, Liu Canjiao, professor of the School of Literature and Journalism and Communication of Central South University, and Wu Can, associate professor of the Center for Chinese Village Culture Research of Central South University, believe that the ancient bridge, as an important cultural heritage, should be emphasized The pampering "Pearl in the Palm". They suggest strengthening protection from the following aspects:
Legislation for protection.
Although my country has promulgated and implemented the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics" and the "Regulations on the Implementation of the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics," and some local governments have also issued measures for the protection and management of ancient bridges, the protection is still far from enough. It is recommended to formulate a special national ancient bridge protection law as soon as possible, stipulate the responsibilities and obligations of the department responsible for the protection of the ancient bridge and the public in legal form, and set up a special ancient bridge protection, evaluation and restoration agency. The ancient bridges are classified according to their importance, and they are managed by the state and local governments at all levels, and the responsible units or persons responsible for the protection of the ancient bridges are implemented. At the same time, the source of funds for the protection of the ancient bridge shall be implemented, and the punishment for the destruction of the ancient bridge shall be determined. In addition, there are a large number of ancient bridges in my country, and the number under the protection of the Cultural Relics Law is very limited. The scope of protection of ancient bridges should be appropriately expanded.
Just fix the regulation.
The restoration of ancient bridges should carefully consider the objects to be protected. It is necessary to understand the historical characteristics of the ancient bridge, including the construction technology and material characteristics, and to classify the ancient bridge according to its historical importance. Replacing the components of the ancient bridge in accordance with "modern architectural thinking" will seriously affect its historical characteristics and cultural relic value, and will also endanger safety. In addition, the structure and function of the ancient bridge need to be analyzed. Only by analyzing and evaluating the structure and bearing capacity of the bridge and finding out the crux that affects the safety of the ancient bridge can the cure be eliminated. For this reason, it is recommended to adjust the relevant bidding management regulations for the repair of ancient bridges, break the single qualification barrier, and establish a team of ancient bridge maintenance experts with cultural protection experts, local skilled craftsmen and other parties to ensure that the repair project is progressing steadily, and the repair is as old and stable. Safety.
Help management orientation.
It is recommended that the protection and management of the ancient bridge establish a "public welfare orientation". According to current regulations, multiple departments are responsible for the protection of ancient bridges. In local actual work, it is necessary to eliminate the problem of identifying, managing, using, and supervising ancient bridge cultural relics that each subject "does what they do"; requires all departments to pay attention to the "protection task" that has funds and can "blow the chaff and see the rice" and achieve results. , We must also actively carry out investigation, analysis, discovery and elimination of natural disaster risks in the long-term; the relevant grassroots units undertaking the task of protecting ancient bridges should not only make “money” projects for bridge protection investment, but also have the courage to undertake the necessary implementation. "Offend people" projects that face resistance from relevant stakeholders.
Early warning of risks.
Establish an ancient bridge database and an intelligent detection and early warning system. A nationwide general survey of ancient bridges should be conducted as soon as possible to fully understand the current situation of ancient bridges in my country and establish a database management system for ancient bridges. The database includes the dynamic information of the ancient bridge, such as the construction year, structure, materials, hydrogeographic environment, traffic volume, and related cultural and historical characteristics. The database should also record the maintenance and repair process of the ancient bridge. At the same time, the establishment of a monitoring system covering the "national security level" and "provincial security level" ancient bridges will realize remote supervision, Internet of Things monitoring and intelligent inspections of ancient bridge safety supervisors, and build a perfect ancient bridge safety supervision platform. Make full use of modern information technologies such as close-up camera, laser scanning, cloud computing, big data, and "Internet+" to realize the life-span monitoring of ancient bridges, promote the integration of ancient bridge safety protection and technology, and promote the comprehensive improvement of ancient bridge protection capabilities and significant protection effects progress. (Reporter Su Xiaozhou, Ruan Zhouyuan, Liu Wangmin)
Published in "Looking" Issue 31, 2020