Iran is experiencing a sharp decline in rainfall, sparking debate about the possibility of clouds being stolen or rerouted by outside powers. In 2012, the former Iranian president, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, accused “enemies” of diverting Iran’s share of rain clouds and making them sterile.

The head of the Civil Defense Organization in Iran, Brigadier General Gholam Reza Jalali, revealed in 2018 “threads of foreign interventions aimed at changing climate conditions” in his country.