In the Netherlands, the oil company Shell is on appeal after its conviction for “climate inaction’ Shell was ordered by the Dutch courts to reduce its carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions worldwide by 45%. For the company, the question of a company's actions in the face of climate change is not a matter for justice.

For their part, environmental NGOs accuse Shell of having further worsened its emissions of CO2 since the 2021 judgment. Seven Dutch NGOs accuse oil giant Shell of inaction.