German resistance to Nazism: the inextricable hell of totalitarianism. Between 1919 and 1932, some 600,000 Germans left the Weimar Republic.
After 1933, a new wave affected 500,000 people, including 150,000 Austrians and 25,000 Czechoslovaks. The fate of exiles, Jewish or not, sometimes ends in tragedy: the writers Walter Benjamin, Stefan Zweig and Johanna Kirweig commit suicide. A thousand Germans joined the French resistance, notably the groups of Francs-tireurs et partisans.