The 24-year-old Cheptegei achieved 26 minutes 11.00 seconds, surpassing Ethiopian runner Kenenisa Bekele's 2005 achievement (26: 17.53).
Pacemakers helped to maintain the pace of Cheptegea.
Cheptegei is the reigning world champion at a distance of 10 thousand meters.
Earlier Kitata won the London Marathon, Kipchoge finished eighth.