Fraudulent recognition: Citation cartels give mathematicians more reputation. Institutions in China and Saudi Arabia, for example, have increasingly published lower-quality work.
Even universities, some of which do not have mathematical departments, are said to have published mathematical papers that were frequently cited. "There are a number of researchers who try to artificially increase their citation frequency in a way that in no way reflects their scientific quality," said Helge Holden of the Abel Prize Committee, one of the most prestigious awards in mathematics.