A supermassive black hole engulfed a star, a rare phenomenon

The scene occurred 8.5 billion light years from Earth: a supermassive black hole devoured a star expelled the remains of its "meal" in a luminous jet.

This very rare phenomenon has been observed by scientists.

The gravitational pull of a black hole is such that when a star has the misfortune to get too close to it, it is torn apart.

The matter that composes it breaks up, then turns very quickly around the black hole before a part is engulfed there forever.

This phenomenon, called “tidal rupture”, is very rarely accompanied by the emission of a luminous jet of particles, furtive and traveling at a speed close to light, resulting from the material of the star.

A first since 2012

The last observation of a similar event dates back to 2012, recall two studies published this week in the journals

and

.

New detection methods have since been developed, including a powerful camera installed on the Palomar observatory in California.

It makes it possible to "scan the sky", explains to AFP Susanna Vergani, CNRS researcher at the Paris-PSL Observatory.

This telescope, the Zwicky Transient Facility, "detects dozens of luminous jets in the sky every night and is able to select the most interesting ones", continues the astrophysicist, who participated in the research.

A @Nature paper reports observations of brightly shining jets of particles from galaxies powered by supermassive black holes, which shed light on the processes that underlie such phenomena.

https://t.co/XJljsubDB2 pic.twitter.com/iRKSc4ktRJ

— Nature Portfolio (@NaturePortfolio) November 23, 2022

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The black hole would have torn the star

One of them seemed atypical: it was not a supernova (the explosion of a star at the end of its life that produces extraordinary luminosity), nor a gamma-ray burst (the most powerful source of light of the universe).

To see more clearly, an international coordination of astronomers has mobilized instruments from around the world to observe the phenomenon on a wide variety of wavelengths, from X-rays to radio waves.

The scientists then determined that the jet of light originated, at an estimated distance of 8.5 billion light-years from Earth, around a black hole probably lurking in the center of its host galaxy.

The jet, dubbed AT2022cmc, is "with a power of more than a billion billion times the X-ray luminosity of our Sun", details Susanna Vergani.

And its duration is very short: 30 days.

"Unlike jets from the active nuclei of galaxies, which span much larger scales, the AT2022cmc jet is transient" and appears to be due to the black hole tearing apart the star.

A "Tight Toothpaste Tube"

Where is he from ?

Not light swallowed up by the black hole since nothing can come out of these cosmic ogres.

But rather from the accretion disk of matter surrounding the black hole, which ejects particles at its ends.

Like a "tube of toothpaste tight around its middle", describes the ESO.

The phenomenon, still poorly understood, could be caused by the speed of rotation of the black hole: it would rotate fast enough on itself to manage to produce such a jet.

The future giant LSST (Large Synoptic Survey Telescope), under construction in Chile, should make it possible to detect other jets of this type, and thus better understand the extreme environments surrounding black holes.

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