中新财经1月27日电(葛成)近日，吉利旗下换电出行合资公司——重庆睿蓝汽车科技有限公司正式落户重庆市两江新区。新公司由吉利汽车和力帆共同出资3亿元组建，标志着吉利将加速入局新能源汽车换电赛道。
据悉，睿蓝汽车是吉利汽车和力帆科技共同组建的拥有独立生产资质的汽车公司，定位于新一代换电出行新势能。未来，睿蓝汽车将基于自研换电平台研发新产品，在B端和C端共同发力，布局换电市场。
除了车企外，动力电池相关企业也在新能源汽车换电领域积极布局。1月18日，行业龙头宁德时代发布换电品牌“EVOGO”(乐行换电)，为用户提供由换电块、快换站和APP三大产品共同组成的“组合换电整体解决方案”。
换电模式被热捧
除了新晋的睿蓝汽车和宁德时代外，蔚来、北汽、吉利、长安等企业已经相继布局换电这一新赛道。
2020年，蔚来因推出基于车电分离的电池租用服务，被《财富》杂志评为改变世界的100家公司。其CEO李斌表示：“换电站的电池本身是一个储能装置，在运作的过程中，使用技术创新手段可以有效降低单位度电和设施整体的碳排放。”
蔚来换电站(图片来源：蔚来汽车官网)
充换电设施是新能源汽车推广应用的瓶颈，电能是否“清洁”也是其能否节能减排的关键。清华大学车辆与运载学院教授陈全世表示，采用集中换电的方式，可以充分利用晚间的低谷电能，进一步减少二氧化碳排放。
新能源汽车动力电池可以组成巨大的“电力海绵”，通过集中充换电的方式，可以实现向电网反向送电，具有可调度储能的潜力。国家电网有限公司董事长辛保安表示，采用动力电池的新能源汽车，能够有效参与削峰填谷，保障电力电量平衡，提高电力系统整体的运行效率。
另一方面，采用换电模式也可以让新能源汽车无须等待充电，实现即换即走。一辆新能源汽车充电至80%，最快也要耗时30分钟，而换电则可以在5分钟之内完成。换电模式的出现，将有力改善新能源汽车补能等待时间过长的问题。一旦普及，充电站长期“排队”的情况将不复存在。
此外，换电模式也有利于提高安全性与延长动力电池使用寿命，可以有效降低新能源汽车电池使用成本。运营公司对电池进行集中监测、管理与养护，比用户更专业，有利于延长动力电池的寿命，提升电池的安全性。
虽然优势明显，但新能源汽车换电模式的发展速度却远远不如充电。业内专家普遍认为，现阶段换电标准不统一，是换电模式发展的一大阻碍。中国电力企业联合会标准化中心主任刘永东曾坦言，换电标准并非完全缺失，包括连接器、电池和通信协议等实际上都有相关标准，但却受制于标准约束性和可操作性不强等原因，在行业内未能达成共识。
政策助推换电发展
新能源汽车是我国汽车产业发展的重要基石，在我国由汽车大国向汽车强国的过程中起到了不可或缺的重要作用。
官方数据显示，2021年，我国新能源汽车销售完成352.1万辆，同比增长1.6倍，连续7年位居全球第一。相关政策在新能源汽车产业的发展过程中，扮演了非常重要的角色。
2020年，国务院办公厅印发的《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021-2035年)》为新能源汽车换电模式发展提出了纲要：要大力推动充换电网络建设，鼓励开展换电模式应用，加强智能有序充电、大功率充电、无线充电等新型充电技术研发，提高充电便利性和产品可靠性。
而针对新能源汽车换电模式的发展，主管部门也提出了相应的政策标准，推动商业模式创新发展。
2021年11月1日，工信部颁布的《电动汽车换电安全要求》正式开始实施，规定了电动汽车的安全要求、实验方法和检验规则，解决了换电模式无标准可依的紧迫问题。未来，新能源汽车动力电池标准有望得到统一。
In addition, intensifying the research and development of new technologies will also play a positive role in promoting the rapid development of the battery swapping mode of new energy vehicles.
On January 10, 2022, the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued the "Implementation Opinions of the National Development and Reform Commission and Other Departments on Further Improving the Service Support Capability of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure", proposing to continue to increase the research and development of new technologies and continue to improve the standard system. .
Give full play to the energy storage characteristics of power batteries, explore and popularize forms such as orderly charging and V2G, and realize the coordinated interaction between electric vehicles and the power grid.
In scenarios such as mines, ports, and urban transshipment, the power exchange mode is promoted according to local conditions.
At present, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology has launched the pilot work on the application of the battery swap mode for new energy vehicles.
A total of 11 cities are included in the pilot scope. Beijing, Nanjing, Wuhan and other cities have been shortlisted as pilot cities for the power exchange model, and will accelerate development in terms of strengthening technology research and development, carrying out demonstration applications, and improving infrastructure.
The business model still needs to break through
As a new thing, the development of new energy vehicle battery swap is not all smooth sailing.
In 2019, NIO launched its Nio Power battery swap technology for private car owners.
After operating for a period of time, some users complained: "Change the battery for three minutes, wait for one hour".
On the one hand, it reflects the popularity of the battery swap service, which is popular among car owners, and once in short supply; on the other hand, the operation of the new business model has shortcomings and the user experience is not good.
As of 2021, NIO has built more than 700 battery swap stations across the country. According to the plan, by 2022, NIO's vehicle battery swap stations will exceed 1,300.
Data map: A taxi that is waiting for a battery replacement can complete a battery replacement within 3 minutes.
Over time, the battery swap mode has gradually matured in pilot cities and has been accepted by car owners.
Master Wang, a taxi driver in Beijing, told a reporter from Zhongxin Finance and Economics that the battery swapping mode brings convenience to the battery swapping of the new energy taxis he drives. In the past, it took one hour to charge, but now it only takes three or four minutes to get it done, and the price is also high. It is more affordable than a fuel car, and it can run more than 200 kilometers for 60 to 70 yuan.
More and more taxi drivers have taken new energy taxis as their first choice for changing cars.
At present, many car companies such as NIO and BAIC have launched battery-changing models and stations, but the battery-changing business is mostly based on their own brands. There are still many obstacles.
Li Songzhe, a researcher at the Research and Consulting Department of the China Electric Vehicle Association of 100, mentioned that even if a car company achieves the unification of battery specifications and standards, it is still small in scale and it is still difficult to achieve profitability.
眼前虽困难重重，但在车企、动力电池生产企业争相入局新能源汽车换电赛道的背景下，换电模式仍将迎来一波飞跃式发展。动力电池相关标准的统一，将加速换电模式的普及，进而形成覆盖面更广、运营模式更成熟的商业模式。届时，新能源汽车发展的最后障碍将被扫除，使用体检“更上一层楼”，“里程焦虑”的问题也将不复存在。(完)