On March 3, the Information Office of the State Council released a white paper entitled "China's Internet Rule of Law in the New Era". The full text is as follows:
China's Internet rule of law construction in the new era
(March 2023)
Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China
directory
preface
1. Unswervingly follow the road of administering the network according to law
2. Consolidate the legal foundation in cyberspace
(1) Establish a legal system for safeguarding network rights and interests
(2) Complete rule of law rules for the digital economy
(3) Delineate cybersecurity legal red lines
(4) Improve norms for the governance of the network ecosystem
3. Ensure that cyberspace is regulated and orderly
(1) Protect rights and interests in personal information
(2) Protect network intellectual property rights
(3) Regulate the order of the online market
(4) Maintain national network security
(5) Create a clean cyberspace
4. Safeguard fairness and justice in cyberspace
(1) Innovate online judicial rules
(2) Explore online judicial models
(3) Preserve online judicial rights and interests
V. Raise awareness and literacy of the entire society's online rule of law
(1) Expand the new model of "Internet + law popularization"
(2) Popularize network laws and regulations
(3) Carry out online law popularization for key targets
(4) Strengthen research and education on the rule of law online
6. Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law online
(1) Actively participate in the establishment of rules
(2) Carry out extensive exchanges and cooperation
(3) Strive to build a platform for dialogue
Conclusion
preface
The Internet is an important achievement in the development of human civilization. While promoting economic and social development, the Internet also poses great challenges to regulation and governance. Developing and governing the Internet well and making the Internet better benefit mankind is the common pursuit of all countries in the world. Practice has proved that the rule of law is the basic way of Internet governance. The use of the concept of rule of law, rule of law thinking and rule of law means to promote Internet development and governance has become a global consensus.
Since 1994, when it was fully functionally connected to the Internet, China has adhered to the rule of law, continuously promoted the rule of law in cyberspace, and promoted the healthy operation of the Internet on the track of rule of law. In the new era, under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, China regards the rule of law as an important part of the construction of a comprehensive rule of law and a strong cyber country, and strives to build a complete network legal normative system, an efficient network rule of law implementation system, a strict network rule of law supervision system, and a strong network rule of law guarantee system, and has made historic achievements in the construction of network rule of law. The integration of online legislation, online law enforcement, online justice, online law popularization, and online rule of law education has been promoted, with the participation of the state, government, enterprises, social organizations, netizens and other subjects, blazing a trail of governing the Internet according to law that conforms to international common practices and has Chinese characteristics. China's construction of online rule of law has not only effectively improved China's Internet governance capabilities, but also contributed Chinese wisdom and Chinese solutions to global Internet governance.
In order to comprehensively introduce the construction of China's online rule of law and share China's experience and practices in the construction of online rule of law, this white paper is hereby released.
1. Unswervingly follow the road of administering the network according to law
China conforms to the general trend of global informatization development, bases itself on China's Internet development practice, integrates the construction of network rule of law into the strategic layout of comprehensive rule of law, continuously deepens the understanding of the regularity of the rule of law network, develops in exploration, adheres to it in development, and blazes a trail of network rule of law with Chinese characteristics.
– Persisting in putting the people at the center. China's network rule of law construction adheres to the people's dominant position, gathers the wisdom and strength of the broadest masses of the people, and implements the whole process of building network rule of law such as legislation, law enforcement, justice, and law popularization in all aspects of the whole process of building network rule of law, such as legislation, law enforcement, justice, and law popularization. Truly safeguard the people's lawful rights and interests in cyberspace, strengthen governance of cyberspace in accordance with law, fully respect the rights of netizens to exchange ideas and express opinions, resolutely crack down on illegal and criminal activities on the Internet, build good order in cyberspace, and create a safe, fair, healthy, civilized, and clear cyberspace.
– Persisting in promoting the development of the Internet. The essence of governing the Internet according to law is to provide guarantees for the healthy and orderly development of the Internet, rather than to restrict the development of the Internet. China will take the rule of law network as a basic means to improve the governance system of the digital economy, improve the level of rule of law in the construction of digital government, promote the construction of digital society in accordance with the law, and lead, standardize and ensure the high-quality development of digital China. Adhere to the simultaneous advancement of development and security, build a solid network security defense line, ensure development with security, promote security with development, and promote the Internet, the largest variable, to become the largest increment of social and economic development.
– Persisting in basing ourselves on national conditions. Based on the basic national conditions that China is the world's largest developing country and the largest number of netizens, China's construction of online rule of law is based on the actual situation that China's netizens are huge in scale, numerous enterprise platforms and rich in product formats, and adapts to the characteristics of diverse legal subjects, diverse legal relationships, and changeable legal application scenarios, persists in properly handling the relationship between development and security, freedom and order, openness and autonomy, management and service, and deeply studies the frontier and overall major issues of the Internet rule of law. Use rule of law thinking and methods to solve the bottleneck problems restricting the development of the Internet, and find out China's answer to the healthy development of the Internet.
——Adhere to innovation leadership. The Internet is born and thrives on innovation, and the rule of law on the Internet especially needs innovation. China fully grasps the unprecedented arduousness and complexity of cyberspace governance, forward-looking response to risks and challenges brought by new Internet technologies, new applications, new formats and new models, and promotes all-round innovation in the concept, content, methods and methods of cyber rule of law. Improve and innovate rules for new technologies and fields such as algorithms and blockchain, strive to fill the time gap and blank space in important areas of systems, establish a comprehensive network governance system, innovate network judicial models, lead the practice of online rule of law with innovation, and comprehensively improve the efficiency of Internet governance.
– Upholding openness and cooperation. China's network rule of law construction not only adheres to network sovereignty, but also extensively draws on the advanced experience of network rule of law from all countries in the world, absorbs mature foreign practices, and plans China's Internet development in the context of international Internet development, forming an Internet governance model that has Chinese characteristics and conforms to international common practices. Actively participate in the formulation of international rules in cyberspace, carry out international exchanges and cooperation in the field of cyber rule of law, and work with other countries to establish a multilateral, democratic and transparent global Internet governance system.
China's network rule of law construction in the new era has made a series of remarkable achievements based on its own development reality, learned from advanced foreign experience, dared to explore, abide by integrity and innovate, and embarked on a road of network governance with its own characteristics, making important contributions to the construction of a network power, the comprehensive rule of law, and the party's governance under the conditions of informationization.
– It provides a strong guarantee for the advancement of a network power into a cyber power. China's construction of a network power has made great achievements in the direction of basic popularization of network infrastructure, significant enhancement of independent innovation capabilities, comprehensive development of digital economy, strong network security guarantees, and balanced network offensive and defensive strength. The scale of netizens ranks first in the world, the development of mobile Internet of Things has achieved "superhuman", the world's largest and most technologically advanced optical fiber broadband and mobile communication network has been built, and 5G has achieved comprehensive leadership in technology, industry and application. The development of the digital economy has gained momentum, and the scale of the digital economy reached 2021.45 trillion yuan in 5, ranking second in the world. New Internet technologies are deeply applied in education, employment, social security, medical and health, sports, housing, transportation, assistance for the disabled and the elderly, etc., and "Internet +" operates healthily in accordance with the law, forming the world's largest and most vibrant digital society.
-- Promoting the in-depth implementation of comprehensive rule of law in cyberspace. China adheres to the principle of governing the country according to law and applies it to cyberspace, deeply implements the plan for the construction of a rule of law in China, continuously promotes the construction of the rule of law on the Internet, adheres to scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, fair justice, and law-abiding by the whole people, and deepens the practice of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics in cyberspace. The basic construction of the "four beams and eight pillars" of network legislation has enriched and improved the socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics. Network law enforcement has been continuously strengthened, online illegal acts have been severely cracked down, and the network ecology and network order have continued to improve, promoting a more peaceful and harmonious social order as a whole. Online judicial adjudication rules have been gradually improved, the intensity of handling online cases has been continuously increased, and fairness and justice have been effectively demonstrated in cyberspace. Internet law popularization has been further advanced, respect for the study of law, and law-abiding use have gradually become the common pursuit and conscious action of cyberspace, and the awareness and literacy of the broad masses of the people in the rule of law have been comprehensively improved.
– Contributing Chinese experience, wisdom and solutions to global Internet governance. Cyberspace is a space for common human activities, which requires the joint construction and governance of all countries in the world. China has continuously explored scientific ways and solutions to manage the Internet according to law, and has formed a way of managing the Internet with Chinese characteristics in the integration of legislation, law enforcement, judiciary and law popularization, providing Chinese experience for global Internet governance. China has actively participated in global Internet governance, promoted the launch of many initiatives and declarations such as the G20 Initiative for Development and Cooperation in Digital Economy and the Global Data Security Initiative, creatively put forward the principle of cyber sovereignty, advocated the application of the principle of sovereign equality established by the UN Charter to cyberspace, and contributed Chinese wisdom and solutions.
2. Consolidate the legal foundation in cyberspace
Law is the most important instrument of governance, and good law is the prerequisite for good governance. China grasps the law of Internet development, adheres to scientific, democratic and law-based legislation, vigorously promotes the construction of an online legal system, and continuously enhances the systematic, integrated, coordinated and timeliness of online legislation.
中国网络立法随着互联网发展经历了从无到有、从少到多、由点到面、由面到体的发展过程。第一阶段从1994年至1999年，是接入互联网阶段。上网用户和设备数量稳步增加。这一阶段网络立法主要聚焦于网络基础设施安全，即计算机系统安全和联网安全。第二阶段从2000年至2011年，是PC互联网阶段。随着计算机数量逐步增加、上网资费逐步降低，用户上网日益普遍，网络信息服务迅猛发展。这一阶段网络立法转向侧重网络服务管理和内容管理。第三阶段从2012年至今，是移动互联网阶段。这一阶段网络立法逐步趋向全面涵盖网络信息服务、信息化发展、网络安全保护等在内的网络综合治理。在这一进程中，中国制定出台网络领域立法140余部，基本形成了以宪法为根本，以法律、行政法规、部门规章和地方性法规、地方政府规章为依托，以传统立法为基础，以网络内容建设与管理、网络安全和信息化等网络专门立法为主干的网络法律体系，为网络强国建设提供了坚实的制度保障。
(一)建立网络权益保障法律制度
科学构建网络权益保障法律制度，为实现人民群众合法权益的线上、线下全方位保护提供了充分法律依据。
保障公民通信自由和通信秘密。通信自由和通信秘密的保护是确保公民能够自主地在网络空间表达诉求和思想的前提。早在1997年就制定《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》，落实宪法对通信自由和通信秘密基本权利的保护。2000年制定《电信条例》，规定电信用户依法使用电信的自由和通信秘密受法律保护。2016年修订《无线电管理条例》，进一步强化无线电领域对通信秘密的保护，实现对这一基本权利在网络空间的全方位保障。
保护个人信息权益。通过民法、刑法和专门立法，构建个人信息权益全链条保护的法律屏障。2020年十三届全国人大三次会议审议通过民法典，在前期法律规定的基础上，对民事领域的个人信息保护问题作了系统规定。2009年、2015年通过刑法修正案，设立侵犯公民个人信息罪，强化个人信息的刑法保护。在网络专门立法中，2012年通过《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于加强网络信息保护的决定》，明确保护能够识别公民个人身份和涉及公民个人隐私的电子信息。2016年制定网络安全法，进一步完善个人信息保护规则。2021年制定个人信息保护法，细化完善个人信息保护原则和个人信息处理规则，依法规范国家机关处理个人信息的活动，赋予个人信息主体多项权利，强化个人信息处理者义务，健全个人信息保护工作机制，设置严格的法律责任，个人信息保护水平得到全面提升。
守护公民财产安全。持续加大立法保护力度，遏制利用网络侵犯财产权益的行为。2018年出台电子商务法，规定电子商务经营者销售的商品或者提供的服务应当符合保障人身、财产安全的要求。民法典明确利用网络侵害他人财产权益的行为应当承担相应法律责任。2022年出台反电信网络诈骗法，为打击电信网络诈骗活动提供有力法律支撑，切实维护人民群众的财产权益。
保障特殊群体数字权利。通过多层次、多维度立法，弥合未成年人、老年人、残疾人等特殊群体的数字鸿沟，使其能够更加平等广泛地融入数字社会，享受数字时代红利。网络安全法规定，国家支持研究开发有利于未成年人健康成长的网络产品和服务，依法惩治利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动。2019年制定《儿童个人信息网络保护规定》，对儿童个人信息权益予以重点保护。2020年修订未成年人保护法，对加强未成年人网络素养教育、强化未成年人网络内容监管、加强未成年人个人信息保护和网络沉迷防治等做出专门规定，保护未成年人的网络合法权益。2021年出台数据安全法，要求提供智能化公共服务应当充分考虑老年人、残疾人的需求，避免对老年人、残疾人的日常生活造成障碍。
(二)健全数字经济法治规则
不断完善数据基础制度，维护数字市场秩序，规范数字经济新业态新模式，为数字经济健康发展提供良好制度基础，助力经济由高速增长转向高质量发展。
推动构建数据基础制度。注重发挥数据的基础资源作用和创新引擎作用，数据安全法对实施大数据战略、支持数据相关技术研发和商业创新、推进数据相关标准体系建设、培育数据交易市场等作出规定，提升数据开发利用水平，促进以数据为关键要素的数字经济发展。
明晰数字市场运行制度。坚持依法规范发展数字市场，坚决反对垄断和不正当竞争，健全数字规则，有力维护公平竞争的市场环境。电子商务法全面规范电子商务经营行为，明确电子商务平台经营者和平台内经营者责任，要求具有市场支配地位的电子商务经营者不得滥用市场支配地位排除、限制竞争，维护公平市场竞争秩序。2013年修改消费者权益保护法，建立网络购物“七日无理由退货”等制度，强化网络经营者消费维权主体责任。2017年修订反不正当竞争法，增加互联网专条，禁止利用技术手段从事不正当竞争。2021年制定《网络交易监督管理办法》，细化电子商务法有关规定，进一步完善网络交易监管制度体系。2021年发布《国务院反垄断委员会关于平台经济领域的反垄断指南》，并根据平台经济发展状况、发展特点和规律，加强和改进反垄断监管。2022年修改反垄断法，完善平台经济反垄断制度，规定经营者不得利用数据和算法、技术、资本优势以及平台规则等从事该法禁止的垄断行为。
规范数字经济新业态新模式。数字经济新业态新模式快速涌现，在为经济社会发展带来巨大动力和潜能的同时，也对社会治理、产业发展等提出了新的挑战。中国聚焦新业态新模式特定领域、特殊问题，坚持“大块头”立法和“小快灵”立法相结合，防范和化解风险。民法典完善电子合同订立和履行规则，将数据和网络虚拟财产纳入法律保护范围，促进数字经济发展。《网络预约出租汽车经营服务管理暂行办法》《互联网信息服务算法推荐管理规定》《区块链信息服务管理规定》《网络借贷信息中介机构业务活动管理暂行办法》《在线旅游经营服务管理暂行规定》等规范网约车、算法、区块链、互联网金融、在线旅游等新技术新业态，丰富“互联网+”各领域治理的法律依据。
(三)划定网络安全法律红线
网络安全是国家安全的新课题和新内容，成为关乎全局的重大问题。中国通过制定国家安全法、网络安全法、数据安全法等法律，系统构建网络安全法律制度，增强网络安全防御能力，有效应对网络安全风险。
确立网络安全规则。1994年出台《计算机信息系统安全保护条例》，确立计算机信息系统安全保护制度和安全监督制度。2000年出台《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于维护互联网安全的决定》，将互联网安全划分为互联网运行安全和互联网信息安全，确立民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任三位一体的网络安全责任体系框架。网络安全法明确维护网络运行安全、网络产品和服务安全、网络数据安全、网络信息安全等方面的制度。《网络安全审查办法》《网络产品安全漏洞管理规定》等进一步细化网络安全法相关制度。通过多年努力，初步形成了一套系统全面的网络安全法律规则，以制度建设提高国家网络安全保障能力。
保障关键信息基础设施安全。关键信息基础设施是经济社会运行的神经中枢，是网络安全的重中之重。保障关键信息基础设施安全，对于维护国家网络主权和国家安全、保障经济社会健康发展、维护公共利益和公民合法权益具有重大意义。2021年制定《关键信息基础设施安全保护条例》，明确关键信息基础设施范围和保护工作原则目标，完善关键信息基础设施认定机制，对关键信息基础设施运营者落实网络安全责任、建立健全网络安全保护制度、设置专门安全管理机构、开展安全监测和风险评估、规范网络产品和服务采购活动等作出具体规定，为加快提升关键信息基础设施安全保护能力提供法律依据。
构建数据安全管理法律制度。立足数据安全工作实际，着眼数据安全领域突出问题，通过立法加强数据安全保护，提升国家数据安全保障能力。数据安全法明确建立健全数据分类分级保护、风险监测预警和应急处置、数据安全审查等制度，对支持促进数据安全与发展的措施、推进政务数据安全与开放等作出规定，以安全保发展、以发展促安全。
(四)完善网络生态治理规范
网络空间是亿万民众共同的精神家园，网络空间天朗气清、生态良好，是人民对网上家园的美好向往。中国本着对社会负责、对人民负责的态度，以网络信息内容为主要规制对象，建立健全网络综合治理法律规范，持续净化网络空间。
规范网络信息传播秩序。面对网络信息治理这一世界性难题，制定民法典、网络安全法、《互联网信息服务管理办法》等法律法规，明确网络信息内容传播规范和相关主体的责任，为治理危害国家安全、损害公共利益、侵害他人合法权益的违法信息提供了法律依据。
打造网络反恐法律利器。坚决依法遏制恐怖主义在网络空间的威胁，刑法、刑事诉讼法、反洗钱法等法律对恐怖活动犯罪的刑事责任、惩治恐怖活动犯罪的诉讼程序、涉恐资金监控等作了规定。2015年制定反恐怖主义法，对网络反恐的对象、措施和机制等作出专门规定。
三、保障网络空间规范有序
严格执法是依法治网的关键环节。中国坚持严格规范公正文明网络执法，加大关系人民群众切身利益的重点领域执法力度，全面保护人民群众合法权益、维护社会公共利益，推动形成健康规范的网络空间秩序，营造天朗气清的网络生态。
(一)保障个人信息权益
伴随数字经济的快速发展，非法收集、买卖、使用、泄露个人信息等违法行为日益增多，严重侵害了人民群众人身财产安全，影响了社会经济正常秩序。个人信息保护不仅关系广大人民群众合法权益，也关系公共安全治理和数字经济发展。中国针对个人信息侵权行为的密集性、隐蔽性、技术性等特点，采取新的监管思路、监管方式和监管手段，加大违法行为处置力度，持续开展移动互联网应用程序(App)违法违规收集使用个人信息专项治理，有效整治违法违规处理个人信息问题。2019年以来，累计完成322万款移动互联网应用程序检测，通报、下架违法违规移动互联网应用程序近3000款。通过专项治理，侵害用户个人信息权益的违法违规行为得到有力遏制，个人信息保护意识显著增强，个人信息保护合规水平明显提升，全社会尊重和保护个人信息权益的良好局面初步形成。
(二)保护网络知识产权
加强网络知识产权保护是支持网络科技创新的关键。新技术新应用不断涌现，使得网络知识产权侵权的手段更加隐蔽、形式更加多样、成本更加低廉，执法面临溯源难、取证难、执行难等问题。中国持续探索、准确把握网络环境下知识产权创造、保护、运用的特点规律，通过建立健全监管机制、构建知识产权保护社会共治新格局，推动平台建立知识产权保护合作机制，开展打击网络侵权盗版专项行动等多重举措，持续加强网络知识产权保护。推进线上线下一体化执法，重拳出击，严厉打击网络商标侵权、假冒专利违法行为。常态化组织开展打击网络侵权盗版的“剑网”专项行动、打击院线电影盗录传播集中行动、重点市场版权专项整治等执法活动，严厉打击各类侵权盗版行为，集中整治重点领域、重点市场版权秩序。北京冬奥会、冬残奥会期间，开展冬奥版权保护集中行动，推动网络平台删除涉冬奥侵权链接11万余个。经过多年执法，网络知识产权保护环境得到明显改善。
(三)规范网络市场秩序
网络市场快速崛起，对稳经济、促消费、保就业、惠民生发挥了重要作用。中国积极探索与网络市场新业态相适应的执法模式，通过规范市场公平竞争发展、打击不法新型交易行为等一系列行动，助力网络市场健康可持续发展。
保障公平竞争的网络市场环境。随着网络平台企业不断扩展自身的体量和实力，“掐尖式并购”、无正当理由屏蔽链接、“二选一”、大数据杀熟、流量挟持等妨碍市场公平竞争的问题也逐渐凸显。中国积极回应人民群众诉求，在支持网络平台企业创新发展的同时，依法规范和引导资本健康发展，采取多种治理平台竞争失序的执法举措。聚焦大型网络平台价格欺诈、低价倾销等重点问题，通过行政约谈、行政指导、规则指引等多种监管手段，整治垄断和不正当竞争行为。围绕民生、金融、科技、传媒等重点行业，依法审查涉及平台经营者集中案件，防止可能妨碍市场竞争和创新发展的并购行为，引导网络平台企业增强合规意识，规范自身经营行为。通过一系列行动，平台经济市场环境不断优化，公平竞争的行业生态稳步向好，中小企业获得更广阔的发展空间，统一、开放、公平、竞争、有序的网络竞争环境正在形成。
规范网络交易活动。让网络交易活动在规范中运行，是营造良好网络市场环境、维护广大网络交易主体权益的必然要求。开展“网剑行动”，集中治理网上销售侵权假冒伪劣商品违法行为，重拳打击网上非法交易野生动植物及其制品活动。严格落实网络平台责任，强化互联网广告监管。针对“直播带货”、微店营销等新型网络交易形式，严管网络招徕渠道，查处多家涉嫌违法网站和平台用户。针对网络传销行为开展专项行动，对网络购物型传销、网络投资理财型传销、网络创业型传销，实施重点打击查处。通过一系列执法，重点领域、重点主体、重点形式的网络交易活动得到有效规范。
(四)维护国家网络安全
筑牢网络安全防线是实现互联网健康发展的重要前提和基础。中国持续在网络基础资源、重要网络系统、网络数据等领域开展安全执法工作，有效防范化解安全风险，体系化构建网络时代的安全环境。在网络基础资源领域，强化网站、域名、IP地址等基础资源管理，通过加强技术手段建设、完善预警机制等举措，强化安全保障。在重要网络系统领域，深化网络系统安全防护，持续监测网络安全威胁，有效防治网络系统遭受大规模服务攻击等重大安全事件。在网络数据领域，提升数据安全保护监管能力，通过建立安全监测体系、实施分类分级管理等手段，强化工业互联网、车联网、5G应用等领域的数据安全执法。
(五)营造清朗网络空间
紧紧围绕人民群众的新期待新要求，规范网络信息传播秩序，整治各类网络生态乱象。聚焦网络淫秽色情、虚假信息、网络暴力、算法滥用等人民群众反映强烈的突出问题，持续开展“净网”“清朗”系列专项行动，对传播各类违法违规信息的网站平台，采取约谈、责令改正、警告、暂停信息更新、罚款等多种措施。督促网站平台履行主体责任，依法依约对用户发布的信息进行管理，建立网络信息安全投诉、举报机制，形成治理合力。网络生态持续优化，全社会网络文明素养有效提升，网络环境有效净化。
坚持对未成年人优先保护、特殊保护，构建有利于未成年人上网的良好环境。通过开展“护苗”、未成年人网络环境专项治理等行动，围绕网络违法和不良信息、沉迷网络游戏、网络不良社交等问题进行重点整治，净化未成年人网络环境。加强未成年人网络安全教育，依法惩处利用网络从事危害未成年人身心健康的活动，形成家庭、学校、社会多方位保护合力，营造良好安全的未成年人网络环境。
四、捍卫网络空间公平正义
公正司法是维护社会公平正义的最后一道防线。中国坚持司法公正、司法为民，积极回应网络时代司法需求，运用网络信息技术赋能传统司法，完善网络司法规则，革新网络司法模式，依法解决新型网络纠纷，打击网络犯罪，保障网络空间主体权益，使人民群众获得更加公平公正、公开透明、高效便捷、普惠均等的司法服务。
(一)创新网络司法规则
随着互联网新技术新应用新业态的快速发展，网络空间承载的法律关系更为丰富多元，给网络空间司法保障带来了新挑战，需要构建更为完善的网络司法规则。中国及时制定涉及网络知识产权、人格权、网络交易、网络不正当竞争、电信网络诈骗等领域的民事和刑事司法解释。通过审理涉及网络基础设施安全、算法规则、数据权属交易、个人信息保护、网络平台治理等一大批新类型、疑难复杂和互联网特性突出的司法案件，细化法律适用标准，促进裁判标准统一，网络空间规则、行为规范、权利边界和责任义务日益明晰。制定人民法院在线诉讼、在线调解、在线运行规则，细化电子数据证据规则，规范网络犯罪案件办理程序，网络司法程序规则体系逐步建立。网络司法规则的体系化、系统化，为网络司法工作提供了规则引领和制度保障，让网络司法有章可循。
(二)探索网络司法模式
积极探索司法活动与网络技术深度融合的新路径、新领域、新模式，让社会正义“提速”。积极推行大数据、云计算、人工智能、区块链等现代科技在诉讼服务、审判执行、司法管理等领域的深度应用，先行先试构建中国特色的网络司法模式。鼓励各地法院因地制宜，结合当地互联网产业发展情况和网络纠纷特点，探索具有地域特色的新型互联网审判机制。相继设立杭州、北京、广州互联网法院，探索实行“网上案件网上审理”。大力推进数字检察工作，坚持大数据赋能法律监督，系统整合各类办案数据，积极探索构建大数据法律监督模型和平台，努力推动个案办理式监督和类案治理式监督相结合，为新时代法律监督提质增效。网络司法的新模式标志着中国特色社会主义司法制度在网络领域进一步发展完善，逐渐成为中国司法的一张亮丽名片。
(三)维护网络司法权益
中国积极开展网络司法活动，坚决打击网络违法犯罪活动，努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中感受到公平正义。
强化公民网络民事权益司法保护。依法办理个人信息保护、网络知识产权、网络交易、网络侵权等领域的民商事案件，保障各方主体的网络民事权益。在个人信息保护方面，重点关注处理大规模个人信息的网络平台，对侵犯公民个人信息的网络平台提起民事公益诉讼，通过案件审理明确用户个人信息商业使用的规则和边界，督促网络平台企业合法合规收集使用数据。在网络知识产权保护方面，针对涉及专利、集成电路布图设计、技术秘密、计算机软件等专业技术性较强的案件，探索引入技术调查官制度，逐步构建起维护网络空间公民合法权益的“防护栏”。
加大网络犯罪惩治力度。随着互联网技术的快速发展，传统犯罪加速向以互联网为媒介的非接触式犯罪转变，电信网络诈骗、网络赌博、网络淫秽色情等涉网违法犯罪多发。中国依法办理新型网络犯罪案件。连续多年开展“净网行动”，严厉打击群众反映强烈的黑客攻击破坏、侵犯公民个人信息等违法犯罪活动。持续推进“云剑”“断卡”“断流”“拔钉”等专项行动，打击套路贷、校园贷、“以房养老”、“投资养老”等电信网络诈骗犯罪，依法惩处为电信网络诈骗犯罪团伙提供互联网接入、域名注册、服务器托管、移动互联网应用程序制作开发、网络支付、引流推广等服务支撑的黑灰产业。完善国家反诈大数据平台和反诈移动互联网应用程序，建设国家涉诈黑样本库，完善快速止付冻结机制、涉诈资金返还机制。坚决打击网络赌博犯罪行为，从严治理网络淫秽色情。网络犯罪治理工作取得明显成效，人民群众安全感有效提升，社会更加和谐稳定。
探索未成年人网络司法保护新路径。以惩防网络犯罪为重点，依法精准打击“隔空猥亵”等网络违法犯罪，加大对以未成年人为目标的网络诈骗犯罪的打击惩治力度。依法惩戒和精准帮教相结合，最大限度教育挽救涉网络犯罪的未成年人。积极推动网络领域未成年人公益保护，以办理涉毒音视频传播、侵犯未成年人个人信息权益、网络高额打赏等典型个案作为突破口，通过公益诉讼、检察建议、支持起诉、情况通报等多种形式，推动网络平台、社会、政府共同守护未成年人健康网络环境。
五、提升全社会网络法治意识和素养
网络法治宣传教育需要全社会共同参与。中国借助互联网，法治宣传教育的内容、形式、手段不断创新，网民法治观念全面提升，网络平台主体责任和行业自律有效落实，尊法学法守法用法日益成为网络空间广泛共识和基本准则，社会主义法治精神在网络空间得到全面彰显。
(一)拓展“互联网+普法”新模式
互联网日益成为人民群众学习、工作、生活的新空间，成为获取公共信息和服务的新平台，也逐渐成为普法的新渠道、新手段。“互联网+普法”将单向式法治宣传转变为互动式、服务式、场景式传播，专业化的法律术语转化为通俗易懂的生活话语、网言网语，受众的参与感、体验感、获得感不断提升。
充分运用互联网开展法治宣传教育。政府网站、公众号设立普法专题专栏，围绕宪法、民法典、国家安全法、网络安全法等重要法律法规，以及生态文明建设、食品药品安全、个人信息保护等人民群众关心关注的问题，开展网上法治宣传，全面普及法律知识。充分利用中国普法“一网两微一端”，加强智慧普法平台建设，宣传中国法治建设实践经验，推送普法信息，引导全社会树立权利与义务、个人自由与社会责任相统一的法治观念，培育遇事找法、解决问题用法、化解矛盾靠法的法治意识和行为规范，引导全体人民做社会主义法治的忠实崇尚者、自觉遵守者、坚定捍卫者。
积极运用网络媒体开展网上普法活动。互联网媒体发挥内容、渠道、资源优势，结合不同群体普法需求，运用图解、动漫、短视频、网络直播、网络音乐等多种形式创作大量网络普法作品，通过论坛、博客、微博客、公众账号、即时通信工具、网络直播、搜索引擎、问答社区等多种渠道向公众提供法律知识，解读法律法规。网络普法打通了普法与群众间的“最后一公里”，促进普法更充分地融入市场经营、社区生活、校园学习、乡村建设，法律知识的到达率、普及率、知晓率得到显著提升。
线下普法活动向线上延伸。随着互联网与经济社会生产生活的广泛融合，传统的线下法治讲座、普法基层行动、法律咨询服务、法治文艺展播等普法活动借助互联网不断扩大影响力和覆盖面。学习培训、微视频比赛、互联网法律法规知识大赛等更多“键对键”的线上活动和“面对面”的线下普法相互融合、相互补充、相得益彰，吸引更多人群参与法治宣传教育，让网络法治宣传教育惠及更广泛社会群体。
(二)普及网络法律法规
宣传普及网络法律法规是网络法治宣传教育的重点内容。网络法律法规全面普及提升了人民群众的网络法治观念，为培育健康向上、文明法治的网络生态环境提供了重要支持。
网络法律法规普及融入网络立法全过程。在网络安全法、数据安全法、个人信息保护法等网络法律法规制定过程中，利用线上线下渠道，通过公开征求意见、研讨论证等方式，广泛听取、充分吸纳公民、法人、其他组织等各方意见。网络法律法规公布实施时，通过召开新闻发布会、答记者问和专家解读等方式解疑释惑，引导公众了解网络法律知识、遵守网络法律法规，为依法治网筑牢群众基础。
在网络执法、司法活动中适时开展网络法律法规普及。围绕利用网络传播违法和不良信息、侵害个人信息权益、电信网络诈骗、未成年人网络保护等人民群众关心关注的问题，发布网络法治典型案事例，集中开展以案释法。通过“中国审判流程信息公开网”“中国庭审公开网”“中国裁判文书网”“中国执行信息公开网”四大平台，公开网络司法案件。民众以更加生动直观的方式了解网络法律知识，社会公众从旁观者变为参与者、支持者、宣传者。
(三)面向重点对象开展网络普法
法律的权威源自人民内心拥护和真诚信仰。中国围绕青少年、互联网企业从业人员等重要普法对象开展法治宣传，引导青少年网民依法上网、文明上网、安全上网，督促互联网企业合规合法经营，提升法律风险防范意识。
加强青少年网络法治宣传教育。青少年是祖国的未来、民族的希望。青少年网民在中国网民中的占比逐步增长。作为互联网的“原住民”，青少年是网上学习、交流、生活最活跃的参与者、实践者，其合法权益也更易受到网络违法活动的侵害。中国从保护青少年网络权益，促进青少年健康成长、全面发展出发，遵循青少年身心发展规律，贴近青少年学习生活实际，聚焦网络沉迷、网络欺凌、网络淫秽色情信息等重点问题，通过普法微综艺、儿童普法话剧、网络普法故事广播、网络普法云课堂、学法用法知识竞赛、法治副校长进校园、编写网络普法读本等生动活泼、丰富多彩的形式开展法治宣传教育，逐步形成了政府、社会、学校、家庭相结合的法治宣传教育格局，为提升青少年网民法治意识和网络安全素养提供了全面保障。
Strengthen Internet enterprises' awareness of operating in accordance with the law. Internet enterprises are important market entities that promote the healthy development of the digital economy, and law-abiding and creditworthiness are the basic codes of conduct they should abide by. China has strengthened education and training on the rule of law for internet enterprises, incorporating online laws and regulations, especially those closely related to business activities and industry development, such as the E-commerce Law, the Cybersecurity Law, the Data Security Law, the Personal Information Protection Law, the Anti-Monopoly Law, and the Anti-Unfair Competition Law, into enterprise induction training and daily training. Support internet industry organizations in providing various forms of legal publicity and education for internet enterprises and their practitioners, encourage internet industry organizations to urge enterprises to adhere to the value orientation of placing equal emphasis on economic and social benefits, and guide internet enterprises to actively perform legal obligations and social responsibilities, protect the lawful rights and interests of consumers in accordance with law, and preserve a fair market environment for competition through methods such as improving industry norms, issuing industry standards, and issuing creditworthiness initiatives.
(4) Strengthen research and education on the rule of law online
Online rule of law education and online rule of law talents are important supports and innovative driving forces for building a strong network country. In the face of major theoretical problems and talent needs arising from the practice of online rule of law, China has initially formed an education research and talent training mechanism that combines theory and practice and is compatible with system and development, providing intellectual support and talent guarantee for the construction of network rule of law.
Comprehensively improve research capacity on online rule of law. Universities and scientific research institutions have established new think tanks for online rule of law research, and have successively established a number of comprehensive network rule of law research bases. As of June 2022, there are more than 6 online rule of law research institutions in China. The network rule of law think tank gives full play to the important role of "think tank", "think tank" and "talent pool", carries out research on cutting-edge issues such as data, algorithms, and platform governance, and has formed a large number of academic research results. Experts and scholars deeply participate in online rule of law activities, strengthen investigation and research on important plans, major legislation, and key reforms of online rule of law, and put forward constructive suggestions.
Strengthen the cultivation of personnel in the field of online rule of law. China systematically integrates traditional legal discipline education and network-related discipline education, and on the basis of establishing a first-level discipline of cyberspace security, some universities have established second-level disciplines such as network and information law, digital law, and artificial intelligence law. Colleges and universities independently set up undergraduate majors related to network rule of law such as network security and law enforcement in accordance with regulations. Set up a working team engaged in the research and teaching of network law, teach interdisciplinary and interprofessional courses integrating legal knowledge with computer science and statistics knowledge such as network and information security, law and artificial intelligence, network law, blockchain and electronic evidence, legal data analysis, etc., and compile a series of cutting-edge, universal and practical textbooks in the fields of network law, computing law, data law and personal information protection law, and cultivate a large number of compound talents with legal professional knowledge and technical background. It provides strong legal talent support for the construction of a network power.
6. Strengthen international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law online
Cyberspace is a space for human activities. The global desire to promote the development of the digital economy is the same, the challenges of addressing cybersecurity risks are the same, and the need to strengthen cyberspace governance is the same. China actively carries out international exchanges and cooperation on the rule of law on the Internet, adheres to the principle of independence, complete equality and mutual respect, and works with other countries to jointly participate in the reform of the global network governance system, promote the global sharing of opportunities and achievements of Internet development, and work together to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace.
(1) Actively participate in the establishment of rules
China firmly upholds international fairness and justice, the international system with the United Nations at its core, the international order based on international law and the basic norms governing international relations based on the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations. Support all countries to participate in international cyber governance on an equal footing, and formulate universally accepted international rules for cyberspace.
Support the role of the United Nations as the main channel in the international governance of the Internet. Support the United Nations in formulating a global convention against cybercrime, co-sponsor and promote the adoption of resolutions by the United Nations General Assembly, establish an ad hoc intergovernmental expert committee, and constructively participate in the negotiation of the convention, calling for the early conclusion of an authoritative and universal convention to provide a legal basis for the international community to cooperate in addressing the challenge of cybercrime. Focusing on the key role of the United Nations in responding to international information security threats, it jointly submitted the International Code of Conduct on Information Security to the United Nations with other SCO member states, and submitted an updated text in 2015. In March 2021 and June 3, the China-Arab Data Security Cooperation Initiative and the "China + Central Asian Five" Data Security Cooperation Initiative were issued with the League of Arab States and the five Central Asian countries respectively, providing a blueprint for discussing and formulating global data security rules. Participate in promoting the United Nations to reach a "Normative Framework for Responsible State Conduct in Cyberspace", clarify that important principles of international law, such as sovereign equality, peaceful settlement of disputes, prohibition of the use of force, and non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries, apply to cyberspace, and clarify that global and objective security standards for the supply chain of information technology products should be established. Expand cooperation with UN specialized agencies on cyber matters, participate in UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence, and cooperate extensively with WIPO in the field of domain name rule-making and domain name dispute resolution.
Actively participate in the formation of regional network governance rules. Signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, and together with 14 other member countries, formed regional rules around electronic authentication and signature, online consumer protection, online personal information protection, network security, cross-border data flow, intellectual property protection and other fields, and the e-commerce chapter has become the international e-commerce rules with the widest coverage, comprehensive content and high level in the world. Actively promote accession to the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership and the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement, and participate in the formulation of high-standard rules in the field of digital economy.
(2) Carry out extensive exchanges and cooperation
China has always supported international exchanges and cooperation in the field of cyber rule of law, actively carried out dialogue, consultation, exchanges and mutual learning, continuously expanded and deepened the global partnership of equality, openness and cooperation, and jointly promoted international governance of cyber with common progress as the driving force and win-win as the goal.
Carry out bilateral and multilateral dialogues and exchanges on the rule of law online. Establish dialogue mechanisms such as the China-Russia Information Security Consultation Mechanism, the China-EU Cyber Working Group Mechanism, the China-ASEAN Dialogue Mechanism on Cyber Affairs, and the Trilateral Cyber Consultation Mechanism between China, Japan and the Republic of Korea, and jointly hold activities such as the "2019 China-Germany Internet Economic Dialogue", "China-UK Internet Roundtable", "China-Korea Internet Roundtable", "China-Cuba (Pakistan) Internet Roundtable Forum" and "China-Brazil (Western) Internet Governance Seminar", carry out pragmatic exchanges with relevant countries on network policies, regulations and network governance practices, and respond to the concerns of all parties in a timely manner. Resolve differences through consultation on an equal footing. Signed memorandums of understanding on cybersecurity cooperation with Thailand, Indonesia, etc., strengthened exchanges and sharing of cybersecurity policies and regulations, and jointly promoted cybersecurity capacity building.
Strengthen international law enforcement and judicial cooperation on cybersecurity. China has reached consensus on cooperation in the field of cybersecurity with many countries, and carried out in-depth and pragmatic cooperation in combating cyber terrorism and telecommunications network fraud. In combating cyberterrorism, through joint counter-terrorism exercises, joint border operations, police cooperation, judicial assistance and other forms, we have continuously deepened exchanges and cooperation with relevant countries, jointly coped with threats and challenges, and jointly maintained world peace and regional stability. In combating telecommunications network fraud, China has carried out international law enforcement and judicial cooperation, and jointly investigated major cross-border cases with many countries, achieving remarkable results. From March to June 2022, under the framework of Interpol, it participated in Operation Dawn with 3 other member countries, arresting more than 6,75 criminal suspects and intercepting more than US$2000 million in illegal funds, effectively curbing transnational telecommunications network fraud.
Work together to protect the rights and interests of minors online. Actively cooperate with international organizations such as UNICEF and the International Internet Whistleblower Hotline Federation, as well as relevant departments in the United Kingdom, Germany, the United Arab Emirates and other countries, to control the problem of online underage pornography. Join the WeProtect Global Alliance to End Child Sexual Exploitation Online and work with more than 200 governments, businesses and civil society organizations around the world to combat child sexual exploitation and abuse online and create a safer online environment for children.
(3) Strive to build a platform for dialogue
China has demonstrated its responsibility as a responsible major country, actively built an international platform for interconnection with the world and a Chinese platform for international Internet co-construction and sharing, and played a positive role in maintaining close contact, enhancing understanding and promoting mutual trust among all countries in the field of cyber rule of law.
Build an online rule of law exchange platform through the World Internet Conference. Since 2014, China has held the World Internet Conference for nine consecutive years, inviting representatives from governments, international organizations, Internet enterprises, think tanks, industry associations, technical communities and other circles to participate. The organizing committee of the conference issued the concept paper "Working Together to Build a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace", proposing that "respecting cyber sovereignty, the principle of sovereign equality established by the UN Charter is the basic norm of contemporary international relations, and the same applies to cyberspace". The Action Initiative for Building a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace was issued, proposing to carry out international exchanges and cooperation on data security and personal information protection and related rules and standards, and promoting international mutual recognition of personal information protection rules and standards in line with the purposes of the UN Charter. Carry out exchanges of experience in legislation for the protection of minors, combat cybercrime and cyberbullying against minors, and further improve the establishment of mechanisms for combating cybercrime and cyberterrorism. Support and actively participate in the negotiation of the United Nations International Convention against Cybercrime, effectively coordinate the legislation and practices of various countries, and jointly respond to the threat of cybercrime and cyberterrorism.
Build a multi-form, multi-channel, and multi-level international exchange platform on the rule of law. Through multilateral platforms such as the BRICS Cooperation Mechanism, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization and the ASEAN Regional Forum, in-depth exchanges of views, experiences and practices on the construction of cyber rule of law such as cyber legislation, law enforcement, judiciary and law popularization. Hold the World Internet Rule of Law Forum and issue the Wuzhen Declaration of the World Internet Rule of Law Forum to build a bridge for sharing experience, enhancing understanding, and learning from each other in the field of online justice. Support Internet industry organizations to establish international exchange platforms such as the China Internet Governance Forum, conduct exchanges and discussions on topics such as digital inclusion and data governance, promote the Chinese and foreign Internet communities to enhance consensus, and jointly solve problems facing the development of the Internet industry. Experts and scholars are encouraged to carry out academic exchanges and share research results with international counterparts through academic forums, seminars and exchange meetings, focusing on frontier issues of online rule of law such as digital economy, data security, and artificial intelligence governance.
Conclusion
In the practice of Internet development and governance, China has based itself on its own national conditions and learned from world experience, forming a way of administering the network according to law with distinctive Chinese characteristics. On the new journey of building a modern socialist country in an all-round way, China will always adhere to the concept of comprehensively governing the country according to law and governing the Internet according to law, promote the orderly and healthy operation of the Internet in accordance with the law, escort the high-quality development of digital China with the power of the rule of law, and provide a solid rule of law guarantee for the construction of a strong cyber country.
The dividends of Internet development benefit the whole world, and promoting the development and prosperity of cyberspace in accordance with the law is in the interests of people around the world. Network rule of law is not only an important way of digital governance, but also an important achievement of digital civilization construction. In the face of the opportunities and challenges brought by digitalization, China is willing to work with the international community to practice the global governance concept of consultation, co-construction and sharing, jointly promote the process of legalization of global Internet governance, make the development of digital civilization better benefit the people of all countries, work together to build a community with a shared future in cyberspace, and jointly create a better future for mankind.