The major summit in Kazakhstan is held within the framework of a forum called Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (abbreviated CICA in English).
During the conversation, the presidents discussed, among other things, gas.
Vladimir Putin said that Turkey could become a new international "gas hub".
The Russian leader further said that Turkey is the most reliable route for gas to Europe, Reuters reports.
Erdogan did not answer Putin about the gas plans in the televised portion of the speech, but Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said, according to the Russian news agency RIA, that the two leaders have ordered a swift and detailed investigation into the idea, Reuters reports.
Erdogan: Export of crops must be strengthened
In addition to gas, crops were also discussed.
In July, Turkey together with the US succeeded in brokering an agreement with Russia to export crops from Ukraine where Russia had previously blocked exports.
However, Russia has complained that its own crops and fertilizers have been difficult to export abroad.
- We are determined to strengthen and continue with the export of crops, and the transfer of Russian crops and fertilizers to developing countries via Turkey, Erdogan told Putin during the meeting.
No talk about the war in Ukraine
Ahead of the meeting, Russian officials said they were open to hearing proposals from Turkey to hold peace talks between Russia and the West.
Before the meeting, Erdogan was also involved in the war in Ukraine.
- A just peace can be reached through diplomacy.
There can be no winners in a war and no losers in peace, he said then, according to the state-run Turkish news agency Anatolia, TT reports.
However, no discussion of solutions to the conflict between Russia and Ukraine took place during the meeting, according to Kremlin spokesman Dmitri Peskov, reports Reuters.
Previous contradictions about a large nuclear power plant
The two also smoothed over previous disagreements over the giant Akkuyu nuclear power plant, a facility that is supposed to be located in Turkey but has Russian owners.
Like many other nuclear power plants, Akkuyu is delayed, but Putin says the first fuel should be delivered next year.
Erdogan also spoke with his authoritarian colleague from Belarus, Aleksandr Lukashenko, in Astana, but no information about what they discussed has been leaked.