The Economic Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference held the first collective study in the beginning of the year, focusing on land and farmers!
——About the greatness of the country, the committee members said this
Text / reporter Cui Luping
On February 22, the "Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Doing a Good Job in Comprehensively Promoting the Key Work of Rural Revitalization in 2022" was released.
This is the 19th Central No. 1 document to guide the work of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" since the 21st century.
Just 5 days before the release of the Central Document No. 1, the first collective study of the Economic Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 2022 and the offline exchange meeting of the "Chinese Experience of Economic Growth" reading group were held in the small auditorium of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. The Economic Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Han Changfu, member of the sub-party group and deputy director, made a special report on the rural land system with Chinese characteristics, and many participating committee members had interactive exchanges.
Let's see what they have to say about the land and farmers.
■Members gave a speech Han Changfu, Deputy Director of the Economic Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference:
"The reform of the rural land system must always respect the dominant position and pioneering spirit of farmers"
Han Changfu said that the basic contents of the rural land system with Chinese characteristics include collective ownership of land, equal sharing of collective land rights and interests by farmers as a unit, market-oriented optimization of land resource allocation, and a stable and long-term land system.
The importance of the rural land system with Chinese characteristics is mainly reflected in four aspects, that is, it directly affects the organizational form of agricultural production; it directly affects the evolution of the rural fiscal and taxation system; it directly affects the flow of rural labor; it directly affects the way of rural governance.
"The superiority of the land system with Chinese characteristics is reflected in three aspects: it is suitable for agricultural characteristics and is conducive to the development of agricultural production; it is in line with national conditions and is conducive to the harmonious development of rural areas; it takes into account the interests of the state, collectives and individuals, and is conducive to socialist construction. "Han Changfu said.
Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, General Secretary Xi Jinping has made many important expositions on the reform of the rural land system. Han Changfu believes that we can extract "nine insistences" from them, that is, insist on taking the reform of the land system as the main line to promote rural reform; Unswerving collective ownership; unswervingly adhere to household contract management; adhere to long-term stability of land contracting relations; adhere to the separation of "three rights"; adhere to the development of various forms of moderate-scale operation; adhere to the organic connection between small farmers and modern agricultural development; adhere to the strictest arable land protection system; adhere to the bottom line of reform.
Regarding the reform of the rural land system that is being explored and promoted, Han Changfu proposed that, first of all, we must find out what is the main goal of the current reform of the rural land system.
In his view, the main goals can be divided into five categories, namely, clarifying property rights relations, completeness of farmland power, marketization of circulation transactions, equalization of property rights protection, and legalization of farmland management.
Han Changfu also emphasized that it is necessary to clarify the basic principles of the reform of the rural land system, which include always keeping in line with the development level of rural productivity; always respecting the dominant position and pioneering spirit of farmers; always adhering to the direction of market-oriented reform; relationship; always focus on incremental reform and maintain historical patience.
In Han Changfu's view, there are still 10 specific tasks for the reform of the rural land system, including the extension of the second round of land contracts for another 30 years; the implementation of the "three rights" separation system for contracted land; the cultivation of new business entities to drive the development of small farmers; Promoting mortgage loans for land management rights; exploring the establishment of a system for withdrawing land contract rights; strengthening the protection system for cultivated land; reforming the rural land acquisition system; system.
■Interactive discussion
Wang Yiming, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and vice chairman of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges:
Adhere to the collective ownership of rural land unswervingly
The current dual land system is an important manifestation of the urban-rural dual structure.
Under the existing system, the urban-rural element cycle is basically a one-way flow of rural labor, land income and capital to the city.
In recent years, the reform of the rural land system has been carried out on a pilot basis, but many problems have also been encountered.
First, the problem of the new realization form of the collective ownership of rural land.
For example, how to define the legal person of a rural collective economic organization?
Change of land ownership requires one person, one vote, but many farmers have entered the city. How to avoid excessive centralization of land and concentrate rights and interests to a small number of people?
How to correctly guide the development of the land shareholding cooperative system?
Second, the circulation of the right to use the homestead.
Whether to expand the scope of homestead circulation, if the scope of circulation is not expanded, it will be difficult for urban funds to enter the countryside.
When expanding the scope of circulation, many people worry about whether farmers will live without a fixed place.
Also, what is the period for the transfer of the right to use the homestead?
Third, the issue of entering the market of rural collectively-owned commercial construction land.
The entry of rural collectively-owned commercial construction land into the market is of great significance to improving farmers' property income.
It is now emphasized that under the conditions of planning and use control, rural collectively-owned commercial construction land and urban construction land will enter the market with the same rights and prices, but how to achieve the same rights and prices in practice?
How to expand the scope of rural collective construction land into the market, and improve the distribution mechanism of land appreciation income?
Fourth, the issue of withdrawal of contract rights for farmers who have settled in cities.
The circulation of contracted land in coastal areas and surrounding areas of large cities has formed a certain scale, but there are still a large number of "land without abandoning the city".
The central government has clearly stated that it is necessary to support and guide farmers who have settled in cities to transfer their contracted land voluntarily and with compensation in accordance with the law, but the actual progress is not obvious. How to increase the system supply, effectively encourage farmers who have settled in cities to withdraw from their contracted land, and promote large-scale agricultural operations?
The above questions all need to continue to explore in practice to find the answer.
The collective ownership of rural land is the "soul" of the rural economy. No matter how it is reformed, the collective ownership cannot be broken down. This is the principle that must be followed in advancing the reform of the rural land system.
Liu Shijin, deputy director of the Economic Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and former deputy director of the Development Research Center of the State Council:
Creating Conditions to Realize Orderly Circulation of Farmland
Over the years, farmers have moved into cities to promote industrialization and urbanization. People often think that land is very tight.
A question that needs to be asked is, is the urbanization process saving or wasting land?
From the perspective of living alone, rural living is relatively scattered. After entering the city, the agglomeration of people has improved. The urbanization process should save land.
Of course, the actual situation may not be so simple.
The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed that rural collective construction land should enter the market at the same price and rights as state-owned land.
But there are also comrades who worry that if the farmer's homestead is sold, some farmers will take the money from the sale of the homestead to drink.
This assumption does cause distress.
I once met a county party secretary. He said that after working in the countryside for so many years, he deeply felt that all farmers in China were economists, and they calculated their accounts very carefully. There should be very few people who exchange their homestead for money for drinking. Not only in the countryside, but also in the city, but the city does not trade houses because of the existence of such people.
In the past, we believed that land was the foundation of farmers' livelihood and assumed the function of social security. Especially when the international financial crisis broke out in 2008, many farmers returned to their hometowns. Everyone said that they had to rely on land.
This was true at the time, but things have changed a lot over the years, social security systems have generally been established, and we already have more efficient ways to provide farmers with a safety net.
It should also be possible to use this new method to provide security for farmers, and at the same time to liberate the scarce resource of land, so that it can be allocated and utilized more effectively.
Another issue that needs to be clarified is that under the conditions of a market economy, if the farmers' land cannot be circulated or traded, the value will be discounted.
We often say that we should protect the interests of farmers, but we do not allow the land to be circulated. It is not clear how much the farmers have on the land, so how can we protect them?
At present, the circulation of homestead is limited to the scope of the village or even the resident group, but more demand comes from the outside, from the county seat, the provincial city and even the first-tier cities.
The important thing is that the right to transfer and trade rural land should be returned to farmers. After they have this right, they do not necessarily have to transfer it out, and whether to transfer it or not, it is up to them to make a decision after reckoning.
Therefore, if we really want to protect the interests of farmers, we must first create conditions so that farmers have the right to transfer independently, and the market value of the land can be displayed.
At the same time, the proceeds from the transfer of land use rights should first be used to improve the social security system for relevant farmers, including housing security conditions, and thus promote the integrated development of urban and rural areas in terms of production, life, and social security.
Liu Yongfu, deputy director of the Agriculture and Rural Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and former director of the State Council Poverty Alleviation Office:
Solve the problem of making profits for farmers
After the National People's Congress last year, I went to a village for research. This village is located in a shallow hilly area, with an area of 12.8 square kilometers, more than 2,000 people, 4,000 mu of paddy fields, 2,000 mu of dry land, and 10,000 mu of forest land. It should be said that the land resources are still abundant.
Many people have gone out to work. In order to make their lives better after they get out of poverty, they also need to increase their income from the fields. Therefore, they grow high-quality rice and want to build a small processing factory in the village, but there is no land for construction.
There is a pig farmer in the village. He used to raise pigs next to the reservoir. He was afraid of polluting the reservoir. He wanted to move the pig farm out, but he could not find any construction land.
In fact, in rural areas, there are not many barren hills and slopes, and there is also unused land. Everyone talks about extending the agricultural production chain and keeping the processing in part of the local area.
In some places, farmers have gone out to work, some land has been abandoned, and some land has been planted with trees, which is very wasteful.
My feeling is that the land system is not a theoretical problem, but the most fundamental problem is to solve practical problems. It is necessary to strictly manage it, but also to take responsibility, and to study and solve the problem of how to make profits for farmers.
In addition, among the main agricultural products in my country, the self-sufficiency rate of domestic edible oil is low, and the security of supply is poor, which is a weakness that needs to be filled.
Oil crops should not only be grown in the ground, but also actively develop woody oil crops, which can be planted on barren hills and slopes, on the edge of fields, in front of and behind houses.
A major bottleneck in the development of woody oil crops is the lack of land.
This matter involves multiple departments, and it is recommended to make overall consideration and do a good job of top-level design.
Liu Shangxi, member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and president of the Chinese Academy of Fiscal Sciences:
Farmers must have self-hematopoietic mechanism to get rich
The new document stipulates that more than 50% of the land transfer proceeds will be used in agriculture and rural areas.
Migrant workers in cities are also farmers. Solving the problems of migrant workers' housing and children's education in cities and gradually realizing equal treatment of migrant workers in the same city should also be included in the scope of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers".
How should the land transfer funds be used for farmers?
If we do not consider the problem from the perspective of urbanization of migrant workers, but only solidify our thinking that farmers can only stay in the countryside and migrant workers will return to the countryside sooner or later, then there will be no way out for the "three rural" problem, and the distortion of the urban-rural dual structure cannot be alleviated. , will also affect the potential economic growth rate and total factor productivity.
The development potential of our country depends on the process of 55% of farmers becoming citizens and how to become citizens. This issue deeply affects whether domestic demand and supply can form a virtuous circle.
If the land rights (contract rights, management rights, use rights, qualification rights, etc.) owned by farmers cannot be traded, monetized, or financialized, the significance of the “separation of rights” reform will be greatly reduced, and it will be difficult to bring real value to farmers. , the increase of farmers' income and the urbanization of farmers will be stranded, and the farmers' vision of a better life - a better life, the next generation will no longer be farmers, etc., will be difficult to achieve.
Therefore, rural problems must be considered together with urban problems, and a unified national market for urban and rural areas will be gradually formed.
Now the farmers are living a better life than in the past. I went back to the village to see them and felt that everyone was full of happiness and gain, but I was not optimistic about the prospect of how to increase their income.
It should also be noted that part of the current farmers' income comes from financial transfer payments, that is, subsidies. Such subsidies cannot exist for a long time. The income from working has also encountered a ceiling, lacking skills, and opportunities for working are also decreasing.
Therefore, farmers must have a self-hematopoietic mechanism to become rich, which requires maintaining linkage with the city. It can be said that the biggest public interest of the farmers in the future is citizenization. This is the vision of the migrant workers who live and work in the city today, and it is also the majority of farmers. Vision for the next generation.