“职业紧张”是影响职业健康的重要因素,有行业检出率达一半以上

“职业紧张”是因为心理素质差?

  本报记者 陈曦

  失眠、抑郁、内分泌紊乱、心血管疾病……如果你在工作压力下感到身心不适,很可能是“职业紧张”在作怪。

  “一钻进格子间,我就胸闷头疼,喘不上气。”陆丹宁曾是知名媒体编辑,拿着不菲的薪水,近期却因压力过大选择离职。“电脑一盯就是一整天,加班到凌晨是常态,生物钟也乱了套,不吃助眠药很难入睡,失眠久了整个人都很焦躁。”

  新型经济环境下,海量的信息、激烈的竞争打破了工作和生活的界限,带来无处不在的紧张感。相较于症状明显、多发于特定行业的传统职业病,“职业紧张”涉及的人群更加广泛,严重影响劳动者身心健康,但由于多是隐蔽性伤害,因此存在难界定等问题。

  “职业紧张”算职业病吗?

  根据《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》,职业病是指“企业、事业单位和个体经济组织等用人单位的劳动者在职业活动中,因接触粉尘、放射性物质和其他有毒、有害物质等因素而引起的疾病”。

  企业心理咨询师王永杰介绍,《职业病分类和目录》包含10类132种职业病,基本限于工业生产范围,以尘肺、化学中毒等制造业的健康风险为主。因社会心理因素引发的“职业紧张”目前虽不在职业病范围内,但同样属于“工作相关疾病”。

  “职业紧张”也叫职业应激,是指在某种职业环境下,客观需求与个人适应能力失衡导致的生理和心理压力。“职业紧张的诱因有很多,分为人际关系、职业发展、组织结构、社会支持等,例如轮班作业会影响血压、血糖和代谢率,付出与回报失衡让劳动者质疑自我价值,职场暴力、歧视和性骚扰也会引发心理问题……”王永杰说。

  According to the World Health Organization, "occupational stress" has become a global epidemic.

A survey by the Chongqing Municipal Health and Health Commission showed that 54.89% of workers in domestic auto manufacturing enterprises had moderate or higher stress reactions; the detection rate of high "occupational stress" among workers in power supply enterprises was 52.9%, and the detection rate of female workers in labor-intensive enterprises was 19.4%. %-28.6%; 34.0% of employees of Internet companies have "occupational stress".

  Wang Yongjie believes that moderate stress is beneficial to stimulate workers' potential for work, but if they are in a state of high stress for a long time and cannot be repaired in time, it may induce physical and mental diseases such as anxiety, neurasthenia, gastrointestinal disorders, and cardiovascular diseases, which will not only reduce work performance, but also It even affects the quality of professional life.

  Exposing 'career stress' can be seen as mentally poor

  "The whole person is like a full bow every day, and the bowstring may break at any time." The words of Liu Haowen, a post-90s programmer, expressed the aspirations of many workers.

"The psychological pressure is too great, the boss is working harder than you, and the outstanding newcomers are cropping up again and again, how can they not work hard? But the more nervous you are, the more sluggish your brain will be, and minor diseases such as dry eye syndrome and thyroid nodules will also be affected. It's a vicious circle when you find the door."

  Under the endless emergence of new business formats, the troubles caused by "occupational stress" to workers are more persistent and hidden.

Zheng Guanghuai, deputy dean of the School of Sociology at Central China Normal University, said that some companies are excessively pursuing performance and even monitor the working status of employees through platform software, which causes employees to never relax and accumulate physical and mental exhaustion.

  "Occupational stress" has made many people suffer, but they dare not speak out.

"I dare not reveal my nervousness and discomfort. I will be accused of poor psychological quality and insufficient ability. No one admits that this is sub-health caused by unreasonable work intensity." Liu Haowen said.

  Zheng Guanghuai analyzed that traditional occupational diseases are concentrated in specific industries and workplaces, and the injuries are more obvious and direct, so medical treatment and systems can make systematic responses.

As a new type of occupational injury, almost all workers have different degrees of "occupational stress", and it is difficult to determine what kind of injury will be caused by work, which makes "occupational stress" difficult to detect, and also brings about coping and resolution. challenge.

  Do a good job in occupational health

  The injury of "occupational stress" has become increasingly prominent, but the relevant determination standards are difficult to break through, and the corresponding guarantees have not been incorporated into the current regulations.

A number of interviewed experts believe that with the progress of society, the understanding of occupational diseases is also changing, and relevant laws and regulations on labor protection should be revised in a timely manner, so as to work together to ensure the occupational health of workers.

  Li Tao, chief expert on occupational health at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, said that the inclusion of a disease in the "Classification and Catalogue of Occupational Diseases" requires systematic analysis and demonstration.

"We are conducting investigations to strengthen the research, evaluation and control of occupational hazards such as musculoskeletal injuries and physical and mental problems caused by 'occupational stress', so as to deal with new occupational health risks that may arise from industrial transformation and technological progress."

  "In the prevention and treatment of 'occupational stress', the enterprise is the first responsible person." Wang Yongjie said that even if "occupational stress" has not yet entered the scope of "legal occupational diseases", the relevant safeguard measures are traceable in the labor law.

In reality, some enterprises do not take the 8-hour working system and vacation system stipulated by the state seriously.

  "In addition to improving policies and intervening in enterprises, it is the workers themselves who really pay for their health." Wang Yongjie said.

"Occupational stress" can be prevented and controlled, and workers must actively face it.

On the one hand, maintain good communication with leaders, arrange work reasonably, and do not force too much; on the other hand, improve lifestyle, ensure adequate sleep and a balanced diet, strengthen social support network, and talk to family and friends in a timely manner when encountering problems.

If the stress persists for a long time, and the symptoms are severe and self-relaxation does not work, be sure to seek medical attention or seek professional help.