Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, December 29. The State Council Information Office released the white paper "China's Export Control" on the 29th.

The full text is as follows:

China's export control

(December 2021)

People's Republic of China

State Council Information Office

content

  Preface

  1. The basic position of China's export control

  (1) Adhere to the overall national security concept

  (2) Seriously fulfill international obligations and commitments

  (3) Actively promote international cooperation and coordination

  (4) Resolutely oppose the abuse of export control measures

  2. Continuously improve the export control legal system and management system

  (1) Establish a sound export control legal system

  (2) Constructing a coordinated and efficient export control management system

  3. Continue to modernize the export control system

  (1) Optimize license management

  (2) Improve law enforcement capabilities

  (3) Promote compliance construction

  (4) Fulfill international obligations

  4. Actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation on export control

  (1) Carrying out bilateral exchanges and cooperation

  (2) Strengthen multilateral dialogue and consultation

  Concluding remarks

  Preface

  Export control refers to the adoption of prohibitive or restrictive measures on the export of dual-use items, military products, nuclear, and other goods, technologies, services and other items related to safeguarding national security and interests, and fulfilling international obligations such as non-proliferation. The prevailing practice.

  The world today is undergoing major changes unseen in a century. Instability and uncertainty have risen significantly, the international security system and order are under impact, and world peace is facing multiple challenges and threats.

Fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory export control has become increasingly prominent in effectively responding to international and regional security risks and challenges under the new situation and maintaining world peace and development.

Countries generally attach great importance to and actively promote export control work, and strengthen and standardize export control through the establishment and implementation of legal systems.

  As a permanent member of the UN Security Council and the world's largest country in trade in goods and manufacturing, China has always been based on the principles of maintaining national security, maintaining world peace and regional security, and constantly improving its export control governance.

In the new era, under the guidance of Xi Jinping’s thoughts on socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era, China has adhered to the overall national security concept and has more actively integrated into the process of economic globalization.

China focuses on better building a higher level of open economy and a new system and a higher level of safe China, realizing a benign interaction between high-quality development and high-level security, promoting the modernization of the export control system, and achieving new developments in export control governance. Achievement.

China thinks about responsibilities from a global perspective, earnestly fulfills its international obligations, strengthens international exchanges and cooperation, actively participates in international coordination of export control with practical actions, promotes relevant international processes, and works with other countries to build a community with a shared future for mankind, which injects positiveness into world peace and development. energy.

  In order to comprehensively introduce China’s basic stance and policy propositions on export control, and to enhance the international community’s understanding of China’s export control, this white paper is hereby released.

  1. The basic position of China's export control

  As a responsible major country, China firmly upholds the international system with the United Nations as the core and the international order based on international law, earnestly upholds the authority of international treaties and mechanisms that conform to true multilateralism, and actively promotes the development of international export control towards fairness, reasonableness, and non-compliance. Discrimination is developing in the right direction.

  (1) Adhere to the overall national security concept

  In the era of economic globalization, the security of all countries is interrelated and affects each other.

China has always adhered to the overall national security concept, integrated development and security, integrated openness and security, integrated traditional and non-traditional security, integrated its own security and common security, integrated maintenance and shaping of national security, and strived to build a country commensurate with China's international status. An export control system compatible with security and interests.

China advocates that all countries innovate security concepts and establish a common, comprehensive, cooperative, and sustainable global security concept. In particular, major powers should fulfill their obligations as major powers, demonstrate their responsibilities, promote common international security in the field of export control, and jointly build a universally safe mankind. Community with a shared future.

  (2) Seriously fulfill international obligations and commitments

  Maintaining international peace and fulfilling international obligations such as non-proliferation are China's solemn commitments.

China actively fulfills its international obligations, draws extensively on international practices, and vigorously strengthens and improves the establishment of an export control system.

China resolutely opposes the proliferation of all forms of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery, and has formed the "Export Control Law" as its rule, covering dual-use items, military products, nuclear and other items related to the maintenance of national security and interests, and the implementation of non-proliferation. The export control system for goods, technologies, services and other items related to international obligations.

  (3) Actively promote international cooperation and coordination

  In today's world, countries are increasingly becoming a community with a shared future.

The more global challenges we face, the more we must cooperate to deal with them.

China maintains that through international coordination and cooperation and multilateral mechanisms, differences and disputes should be properly resolved, so that all countries can become partners that trust each other and cooperate on an equal footing.

At present, the reform of the global governance system is at a historical turning point. China maintains that international coordination of export control should effectively increase the representation of emerging market countries and developing countries, and better realize the equality of rights, opportunities, and rules of all countries in international cooperation. Reflect the wishes and interests of most countries in a more balanced manner, and jointly create an international environment of peace and stability, equality, mutual trust, and win-win cooperation.

  (4) Resolutely oppose the abuse of export control measures

  No country or region should abuse export control measures, unreasonably implement discriminatory restrictive measures, promote double standards on non-proliferation issues, or even promote the discriminatory and exclusiveness of the relevant multilateral mechanisms for export control.

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, and Storage of Bacterial (Biological) and Toxin Weapons, and the Destruction of Such Weapons (hereinafter referred to as the Convention on the Prohibition of Biological Weapons) The Convention on Weapons and the Destruction of Such Weapons (hereinafter referred to as the "Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons"), as well as a series of UN General Assembly and UN Security Council resolutions, stipulate that all countries can fully enjoy the right to peaceful use without discrimination.

China maintains that export control should comply with the principles of fairness, reasonableness, and non-discrimination, and should not harm the legitimate rights and interests of other countries in the peaceful use of export-controlled items. The safe and smooth operation of the supply chain of the industrial chain has created obstacles.

China calls on all countries to implement effective management and control of risks and threats related to export control, create a safe environment conducive to economic and social development, and actively promote the inclusive sharing of scientific and technological development as globalization is deepening and new technologies are constantly emerging. Continuously improve the well-being of all mankind.

  2. Continuously improve the export control legal system and management system

  China adheres to the basic strategy of comprehensively governing the country according to the law, not only based on China's national conditions, but also draws on the useful experience of foreign countries, continuously improves the export control legal system, perfects the export control management system, and provides legal and institutional guarantees for export control.

  (1) Establish a sound export control legal system

  Since the reform and opening up, the internal and external environment of China's economic development has undergone profound changes, the socialist market economic system has been continuously improved, and the level of rule of law in export control has been continuously improved.

Since the 1990s, China has successively promulgated the "Regulations on the Management of Controlled Chemicals", "Regulations on Nuclear Export Control", "Regulations on the Administration of Military Products Export", "Regulations on the Export Control of Nuclear Dual-Use Products and Related Technologies", and "Control on the Export of Missiles and Related Items and Technologies" 6 administrative regulations including the Regulations and the Regulations on Export Control of Dual-use Biological Products and Related Equipment and Technologies.

The Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the General Administration of Customs, the National Defense Science and Technology Industry Administration, the National Atomic Energy Agency, the Central Military Commission’s Equipment Development Department and other relevant departments have issued dozens of departmental regulations and related normative documents to refine export control matters. , Including specific regulations on specific items, specific regulations on licensing management and law enforcement supervision, and relevant documents related to the implementation of relevant UN Security Council resolutions.

  In October 2020, China promulgated the "Export Control Law", which clearly stipulates the export control system, control measures and international cooperation, and uniformly establishes basic systems for export control policies, control lists, temporary controls, control lists, and supervision and management. Framework and rules.

The "Export Control Law" is a law governing China's export control work and is formulated in accordance with changes in the situation, drawing lessons from international practices, and raising the level of legislation to govern China's export control work, and to make comprehensive arrangements for China's export control system , To ensure full coverage of controlled items, applicable subjects and control links.

Since the "Export Control Law" was promulgated, in order to ensure the effective implementation of various systems, the national export control management department has actively carried out the "reform, reform and abolishment" of related supporting regulations and departmental rules to ensure an efficient connection between various fields of the export control legal system.

In addition to the Export Control Law, the Foreign Trade Law, the National Security Law, the Data Security Law, the Nuclear Security Law, the Customs Law, the Administrative Licensing Law, the Administrative Penalty Law, and the Criminal Law are also export laws. The implementation of control measures and other related work provides a strong legal basis.

At present, China has basically formed an export control legal system that links laws, administrative regulations, and departmental rules, with a clear hierarchy and a coordinated structure, which has laid a solid legal foundation for building a modern export control system with Chinese characteristics.

  (2) Constructing a coordinated and efficient export control management system

  Export control involves multiple departments of the State Council and the Central Military Commission.

The state has established a sound export control work mechanism, clarified the division of labor among various departments, and provided a solid institutional guarantee for export control work.

  The export control management system for dual-use items.

The export of nuclear dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the National Atomic Energy Agency; the export of biological dual-use items shall be managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the National Health Commission and other departments as necessary; related dual-use chemicals The export of items is managed by the Ministry of Commerce; the export of missile-like dual-use items is managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the National Defense Science and Technology Industry Bureau, the Central Military Commission’s Equipment Development Department and other departments as necessary; the export of commercial passwords is managed by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Password The “Encryption Law” stipulates that the export control list of commercial cryptography shall be formulated and published by the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with the State Cryptography Administration and the General Administration of Customs; to monitor the export of chemicals, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in conjunction with the Ministry of Commerce shall manage the qualifications of export operators , The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology is responsible for specific export inspections.

  Military export control management system.

Military product export is managed by the National Defense Science and Technology Industry Bureau and the Central Military Commission’s Equipment Development Department according to the division of labor. The main management content includes the approval of military product export franchise qualifications, military product export establishment, military product export projects, military product export contracts, the issuance of military product export licenses, and relevant formulations. Business management measures, supervise and manage military product export activities, and impose penalties on violations of military product export control laws.

  Nuclear export control management system.

Nuclear exports are managed by the National Atomic Energy Agency and the Ministry of Commerce in conjunction with other departments.

Nuclear exports are exclusively operated by units designated by the State Council, and resolutely implement the three principles of ensuring that nuclear exports are only used for peaceful purposes, accepting the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency, and not being transferred to third countries without the permission of the Chinese government.

The administrative department implements a strict review system for nuclear exports, and imposes severe penalties on violations of the law.

  The General Administration of Customs works closely with relevant administrative departments to supervise the export of controlled items in accordance with the law, participate in the investigation and handling of relevant illegal export cases, and carry out risk prevention and control, supervision and law enforcement, and other related work.

  3. Continue to modernize the export control system

  China strictly implements various laws and regulations on export control, transforms its solemn promises into practical actions, and gradually realizes full coverage, full chain, and full range of effective supervision based on system and technology, and builds a scientific design, orderly operation, and Implement a powerful modern export control system.

  (1) Optimize license management

  China's export control widely adopts internationally accepted systems for license management, end-user and end-use certification, and general licensing.

China has established a cross-departmental licensing consultation system and a two-level management model, constantly improving the licensing process, continuously enriching the types of license management, constantly improving the level of licensing management, effectively promoting the compliance trade of export-controlled items, and optimizing the high-level opening-up business. Business environment.

  Establish a licensing consultation system to ensure rigorous and accurate review.

In the review of export licensing of dual-use items, an export control licensing consultation system involving the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the National Defense Technology and Industry Administration, the National Atomic Energy Agency, and the Central Military Commission’s Equipment Development Department has been established.

Each department performs its own duties, division of labor, and close cooperation to review export applications in terms of national security and interests, international obligations, end users and end uses, to ensure that relevant exports comply with laws and relevant policies.

  Implement a two-level management model to facilitate permit application processing.

China has a vast territory, and companies applying for export licenses come from all over the country.

China takes into account the relationship between control and promotion, guarantees and promotes compliant trade, implements a two-level management model in licensing management, and entrusts relevant departments of the provincial people's government to provide export control public services to export operators and assist them in submitting export applications.

The approval result of the license review is transmitted to the export operator and China Customs through the network data.

In order to improve the level of trade facilitation, starting from July 2021, the Ministry of Commerce will implement paperless management of export licenses for dual-use items, realize the electronic application of the whole process of business application, business review, license issuance, and customs clearance of goods, and shorten the time for license application5 To 7 days.

  Improve licensing management measures and improve the level of precision management.

Focus on improving the end-user and end-use certification system, and promote multi-level management.

Under normal circumstances, export operators are required to provide end-use certification documents issued by end users; for export applications with potential risks, end-users certified by the government agencies of the end user’s country and region and the Chinese embassy in relevant countries are required And end-use certification documents, or require the end-user’s country and region government agencies to issue end-user and end-use certification documents.

China has implemented general licensing measures to enrich the types of license management. For export operators that have established an internal compliance system for export control and are operating in good condition, they can grant general licenses and allow them to apply for multiple licenses within the validity period if they meet the prescribed conditions. Export and use in multiple countries and regions or multiple end users.

The multi-measured license management measures have improved the pertinence and effectiveness of license management.

  Establish an expert support team to support scientific and efficient management.

China attaches great importance to the development of expert power, and clearly establishes a sound export control expert consultation mechanism in the form of legal regulations.

Relevant departments organize experts in the fields of dual-use items, military products, and nuclear, and establish an export control expert support team to assist in making scientific and accurate judgments.

Over the years, the team of experts has provided strong support for inventory formulation, licensing management, supervision and law enforcement, and business consulting.

As the requirements for the professionalization of export control work continue to increase, China will continue to increase the input of experts and build a professional team with a full range of fields and professional operations to provide more professional and efficient support for export control work in the new era.

  (2) Improve law enforcement capabilities

  China continues to improve its export control law enforcement mechanism, expand law enforcement methods, enhance law enforcement capabilities, gradually improve an authoritative and efficient export control law enforcement system with unified powers and responsibilities, effectively crack down on illegal export control activities, and ensure complete, accurate and strict implementation of export control laws and regulations.

  Improve the organization and build a coordinated and powerful law enforcement mechanism.

Strengthen the establishment of special export control institutions of the Ministry of Commerce. In 2014, the Ministry of Commerce established a full-time export control law enforcement team to be responsible for the establishment of the export control law enforcement system and case investigation.

Departments such as the Ministry of Commerce, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the General Administration of Customs have strengthened horizontal cooperation in law enforcement, and coordinated law enforcement with relevant departments of the provincial people’s governments.

The law enforcement cooperation system between various departments and localities has formed a strict law enforcement grid, which provides a strong organizational mechanism for China’s export control law enforcement, and better solves the wide area, wide area, and investigations encountered by China’s export control law enforcement. Difficulty and other issues.

  Broaden the means and measures to enhance the deterrence of law enforcement and supervision.

Continuously improve export control law enforcement capabilities. In addition to authorizing law enforcement agencies to conduct on-site inspections, inquiries, investigations, and access to data, the law enforcement agencies are also given various methods such as seizing and seizing items involved in the case, and inquiring bank accounts.

For illegal export operators, law enforcement agencies can incorporate their violations into their credit records in accordance with the law to effectively enhance law enforcement deterrence.

China’s export control law enforcement covers all aspects of export. It not only strictly supervises the export link, but also controls the participation of intermediary services in illegal exports. It prohibits relevant agencies and individuals from providing agents, freight, delivery, customs declaration, and third parties for illegal export control activities. Intermediary services such as e-commerce trading platform and finance.

China attaches great importance to the implementation of non-compulsory law enforcement methods such as supervisory talks and administrative guidance, and implements measures such as prevention, guidance, and supervision to ensure the effectiveness of law enforcement.

  Promote the use of law enforcement equipment and informatization, and effectively strengthen support capabilities.

China has increased its investment in export control law enforcement equipment and facilities. The Chinese Customs has equipped specialized equipment for testing radioactive, biological and chemical items, significantly improving the efficiency of identifying, inspecting, and disposing of export-controlled items, and effectively helping law enforcement officers to detect Illegal export.

China has actively improved the use of law enforcement information, and strengthened the exchange and cooperation of law enforcement and management agencies on illegal export activities.

China attaches great importance to the statistical analysis of information and data of export control violations, to realize the comprehensive use of basic information such as the enterprises involved in the case and the facts of the case, and to improve information support.

Export control law enforcement agencies regularly conduct comprehensive training on policies and regulations, item identification and law enforcement skills for law enforcement officials to improve law enforcement capabilities.

  (3) Promote compliance construction

  China attaches great importance to the establishment of export control compliance, adheres to the principle of "government guidance, enterprise-oriented, and multi-party interaction", consolidates the legal foundation, perfects the policy framework, conducts publicity and training, and promotes the establishment of export control compliance to achieve positive results.

  Strengthen the protection of the rule of law.

Focus on consolidating the rule of law foundation for compliance construction.

The "Export Control Law" clarifies that Chinese government departments will issue export control guidelines for relevant industries in a timely manner to guide export operators to establish and improve internal export control compliance systems to standardize operations.

Clarify incentive measures, and provide convenience measures such as general permits to export operators who have established an internal export control compliance system and are operating in good condition.

In the form of law, China provides legal guarantees for the government to effectively guide the construction of export control compliance, and provides a legal basis for enterprises to establish and improve internal compliance systems.

  Strengthen policy guidelines.

In 2007, the Ministry of Commerce issued for the first time guidance on the establishment of internal export control mechanisms for dual-use items and technology operating enterprises.

In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce revised and issued the “Guiding Opinions of the Ministry of Commerce on the Establishment of Internal Compliance Mechanisms for Export Controls by Export Operators of Dual-use Items”, expanding the compliance elements to 9 including drafting policy statements, establishing organizational structures, and comprehensive Risk assessment, establishment of review procedures, formulation of emergency measures, development of education and training, improvement of compliance audits, retention of data files and preparation of management manuals.

The "Internal Compliance Guide for the Export Control of Dual-use Items" was added to provide more detailed guidelines and scenario-based references.

In the nuclear field, China has issued documents such as guidelines for the establishment of a nuclear import and export compliance management mechanism.

  Strengthen public services.

Attach great importance to the promotion and training of export control compliance, and continue to increase promotion efforts to improve the compliance level of the whole society.

Governments at all levels have conducted in-depth enterprise research and discussion, conducted training in key areas, strengthened the awareness of export control compliance, and cultivated a culture of export control compliance.

In recent years, more than 20 trainings, seminars and exchanges of various forms have been held annually, with approximately 30,000 participants.

In 2021, the Ministry of Commerce will start the construction of an export control information service platform to increase guidance and services.

Actively guide business associations, intermediaries, expert think tanks and other social resources to carry out export control compliance research, provide consulting services, and jointly participate in the construction of export control compliance.

  (4) Fulfill international obligations

  China has always advocated the complete prohibition and thorough destruction of weapons of mass destruction such as nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, and firmly opposes the proliferation of such weapons and their means of delivery, and does not support, encourage or help any country develop weapons of mass destruction. And its vehicles.

China is committed to regulating the trade in conventional weapons, combating illegal arms trafficking, and alleviating humanitarian problems caused by the abuse of conventional weapons.

China firmly maintains the authority and effectiveness of relevant international treaties, strictly fulfills its international obligations, and maintains international and regional peace and stability.

  In the nuclear field, China joined the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1984 and signed the "Agreement between the People’s Republic of China and the International Atomic Energy Agency on Safeguards in China" with the International Atomic Energy Agency in 1988, voluntarily placing its civilian nuclear facilities in the agency’s safeguards Under supervision.

In 1992, China joined the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.

China actively participated in the negotiations on the "Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty" at the Geneva Conference on Disarmament, and made important contributions to the conclusion of the treaty, and signed the first batch of contracts in 1996.

In October 1997, China joined the "Zangger Committee".

In 1998, China signed an additional protocol on strengthening the safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency and formally completed the domestic legal procedures for the additional protocol to enter into force in early 2002, becoming the first nuclear-weapon state to complete the above-mentioned procedures.

In June 2004, China joined the "Nuclear Suppliers Group", actively participated in the affairs of the "Group", and fulfilled the rights and obligations of the "Group".

  In the biological field, China joined the Biological Weapons Convention in 1984 and has always strictly fulfilled its obligations under the convention.

China has always submitted comprehensive confidence-building measures declaration materials on time, deeply participated in the review process of the Convention, actively put forward multilateral initiatives in the fields of regulating biological scientific research activities, biotechnology, and global allocation of resources, and actively provided them to the international community in areas such as strengthening the safety of biological laboratories. For public products, the export control of dual-use biological products and related equipment and technologies has been continuously strengthened, and the control list has been revised in a timely manner.

China advocates the promotion of the convention review process to achieve positive results, especially the negotiation and formulation of a legally binding verification protocol, in order to comprehensively strengthen the effectiveness of the convention.

  In the chemical field, China has made positive contributions to the conclusion of the "Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons."

In January 1993, China signed the convention.

In April 1997, China submitted its ratification and became the original signatory of the convention.

China firmly supports the purposes and objectives of the Convention, and promotes all parties to strictly fulfill their obligations, and implement the provisions of the Convention in a balanced and effective manner.

Since the Convention entered into force, China has promulgated domestic compliance legislation in accordance with the requirements of the Convention, established a special compliance agency, submitted various annual declarations on time and in full, and strictly accepted relevant inspections by the OPCW.

In 2020, China will complete the domestic legislative procedures for the addition of Schedule 1 chemicals to the 24th Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in accordance with the time limit set by the Convention.

  In the area of ​​missiles, China supports the efforts of the international community to prevent the proliferation of missiles and related items and technologies, and takes a positive and open attitude towards international recommendations on strengthening the missile non-proliferation mechanism.

China has learned from the export control practices of many countries and promulgated and implemented the "Regulations on the Export Control of Missiles and Related Items and Technologies", giving China a legal basis for the export of items and technologies in the missile field.

China is also actively participating in relevant international exchanges and cooperation, and is working together to prevent the proliferation of ballistic missiles.

  In the field of military products, China actively participated in the negotiation of the Arms Trade Treaty and made important contributions to the conclusion of the treaty.

In September 2019, China announced the initiation of domestic legal procedures related to its accession to the Arms Trade Treaty.

In July 2020, China formally joined the Arms Trade Treaty.

As a party to the treaty, China firmly supports the purpose and objectives of the treaty, fully fulfills its obligations under the treaty, and is willing to work with other parties to regulate the conventional arms trade, promote the universality and effectiveness of the treaty, and improve the global governance of the arms trade.

  4. Actively carry out international exchanges and cooperation on export control

  China has always attached great importance to and actively carried out international exchanges and cooperation in export control, promoted trust-enhancing and dispelling doubts, mutual learning and mutual learning, promoted international coordination of export control, promoted trade in compliance with export control items, and made efforts to improve the fairness and openness of international export control. contribute.

  (1) Carrying out bilateral exchanges and cooperation

  On the basis of mutual respect, equality and mutual benefit, China has actively carried out bilateral exchanges and cooperation in export control, enhanced mutual trust through dialogue and consultation, reflected China's attitude of openness and cooperation, and promoted mutual benefit and win-win cooperation.

  Actively promote the compliant trade of export-controlled items.

China has established intergovernmental mechanisms with many countries and regions to carry out intergovernmental consultations, seminars, dialogues with enterprises and other activities to exchange experiences and practices.

Maintain dialogue with relevant national export control authorities and strengthen exchanges and cooperation in the field of export control.

China and Russia and other countries have signed bilateral agreements and mutually issued "End User and End Use Statements" to promote mutual trust and cooperation.

  Intensify bilateral exchanges and cooperation on export control and non-proliferation.

China and the United States have held several seminars on the identification of export-controlled items to enhance exchanges of law enforcement technology.

In the nuclear field, China maintains consultations and exchanges with the United States, Russia, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and EU institutions, and jointly combats illegal activities through information exchange and law enforcement cooperation in accordance with the law.

In the field of controlled chemicals, China has carried out bilateral exchanges and cooperation with other contracting states under the framework of the Chemical Weapons Convention, and has gone to Germany, Spain, South Korea, Japan and other countries to carry out end-user and end-use verification work.

China has established consultation mechanisms on strategic security, arms control, and non-proliferation at the vice-ministerial and departmental level with more than 10 countries to share experiences and practices in the field of non-proliferation, which has played an important role in enhancing mutual understanding and cooperation.

  In addition to intergovernmental cooperation, China actively supports non-governmental exchanges and cooperation in export control.

The Institute of International Trade and Economic Cooperation of the Ministry of Commerce, China Arms Control and Disarmament Association, China Institute of Modern International Relations, China Nuclear Energy Industry Association and other institutions actively carry out non-governmental exchanges, academic research, and non-governmental international exchanges with research institutions in relevant countries. , To deepen understanding and friendship through joint seminars, forums and field visits.

  (2) Strengthen multilateral dialogue and consultation

  China attaches great importance to maintaining communication and consultation on global issues and emergencies through the United Nations and multilateral mechanisms in the field of export control, in order to promote world peace and regional security.

  中国主张,联合国作为最具普遍性的国际组织,应发挥核心作用,平衡处理防扩散与和平利用的关系,保障发展中国家和平利用科技进步成果的合法权利。2021年12月,在中国的倡议下,第76届联大通过“在国际安全领域促进和平利用国际合作”决议,强调和平利用科技及相关国际合作对经济、社会发展的重要性,敦促各国在履行防扩散国际义务的同时,取消对发展中国家和平利用科技的不合理限制。该决议的通过标志着在联大框架下开启了开放、包容、公正的对话进程,对维护各国和平利用科技的合法权益、推动科技进步成果普惠共享、应对科技发展带来的安全挑战具有重要意义,有助于推动《不扩散核武器条约》《禁止化学武器公约》《禁止生物武器公约》等国际条约得到更加全面、平衡的执行,有助于现有防扩散、出口管制相关机制的成员国加强同其他国家的对话交流,更好地服务于普遍安全与共同发展,符合整个国际社会的共同利益。中国将继续与各方一道,推进联大框架下的对话进程。

  2004年4月,联合国安理会一致通过第1540号决议,要求各国加强对大规模杀伤性武器及相关材料和技术的国内管理和出口管制,防范和打击非国家实体获取上述物项。该决议是安理会第一个专门的防扩散决议,有利于在国际法基础上推动和加强国际合作。中国积极支持并参加安理会1540委员会等联合国框架下的防扩散工作,积极推动安理会第1540号决议全面审议进程。为推进决议在亚洲地区的执行,中方与安理会1540委员会于2015年、2017年、2019年,分别在中国青岛、西安、厦门举办了三届“亚太地区防扩散国家联络点培训班”。

  2004年,中国加入“核供应国集团”。中国严格履行成员义务,积极参与“集团”政策磋商、清单制定、信息交流等事务,与其他成员加强出口管制合作。中国根据“集团”准则,对《核出口管制条例》《核两用品及相关技术出口管制条例》作出相应修订,将进口国接受全面保障监督作为核出口条件,并与“集团”管制清单保持同步,定期修订出口管制清单。

  In 2004, China formally applied to join the "Missile and Its Technology Control System" and maintained communication with it, and held five rounds of dialogue sessions to conduct exchanges and consultations on the missile export control system, control lists, law enforcement, and China's accession.

When formulating missile export control regulations and lists, China has used "system" guidelines and technical annexes for reference.

  China maintains communication and exchanges with the "Wassenaar Arrangement". The two sides held 5 rounds of dialogues to exchange in-depth views on the export control principles, lists and "best practices" of conventional weapons and related dual-use items and technologies. .

  China and the "Australia Group" maintain contacts and exchanges. The two sides held 6 rounds of consultations on the non-proliferation situation in the biological and chemical fields, the status of the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, and the operation of the "Australia Group". opinion.

  China is willing to work with the international community to promote the fairness and openness of export control-related multilateral mechanisms, increase the representation and diversity of members, adhere to the path of solidarity and cooperation, resist discriminatory practices, and work together to tackle various global issues and create together A better future for mankind.

  Concluding remarks

  At present, the international landscape is undergoing profound changes, and international export control is facing many challenges. There is a long way to go to build a world of lasting peace, universal security, common prosperity, openness, inclusiveness, cleanness and beauty.

Strengthening international cooperation and seeking common security and development require long-term and unremitting joint efforts of all countries.

  China will adhere to the overall national security concept, continue to promote export control system and capacity building, strengthen management, strict law enforcement, and promote compliance building to effectively respond to the risks and challenges faced under the new situation.

China will assume the responsibility of a major country, fulfill its international obligations and commitments, carry out export control exchanges and cooperation, work with other countries to promote the healthy development of international export control governance, and make positive contributions to building a community with a shared future for mankind.