It has been 30 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the first socialist country in the world, in 25 days.

Mikhail Gorbachev, who closed the curtain on its history, said in a written interview with a Russian news agency on the 24th that "dialogue should not be interrupted even in difficult situations", Russia and the United States over Ukraine, which continues in the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Union. He emphasized the importance of continuing the dialogue with both sides in mind of the conflict.

The Soviet Union was established in 1922 and continued the one-party dictatorship of the Communist Party, but on December 25, 1991, then President Gorbachev announced his resignation, ending the 69-year history.



Russia's Interfax news agency reported a written interview with 90-year-old Gorbachev on the 24th, in which Gorbachev said, "If there is no new relationship including personal relationships with Western leaders, the Cold War and We couldn't put an end to the arms race and regional conflicts around the world. "



On top of that, regarding the current international situation, "Russia and the United States over Ukraine, which continues to be triggered by the collapse of the Soviet Union," said, "Serious negotiations have finally begun on nuclear weapons and security in Europe. With the conflict in mind, he emphasized the importance of continuing dialogue between the two sides.



According to a survey released by an independent polling company on the 24th, 63% of the respondents said that the collapse of the Soviet Union was "sorry", and in Russia, many people blame Gorbachev for it. ..



In connection with these opinions, Mr. Gorbachev said that in the reform policy such as perestroika = rebuilding that he himself promoted, the people enjoyed many rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech and assembly, and "the collapse of the Soviet Union". Should not be blamed on perestroika. "

What is the Soviet ...

ソビエトは、1917年のレーニンによる革命を経て、1922年に成立した世界初の社会主義国です。



現在のロシアやウクライナなど15の共和国で構成され、民族や宗教も多様で、日本の60倍の面積の国土は天然資源に恵まれていました。



社会主義国として格差のない社会をつくるという理想を掲げ、計画経済のもと、工業製品や農作物などの生産量や価格は統制され、教育や医療も広く普及していました。



政治体制は、ソビエト共産党の一党独裁で、体制維持のために厳しい検閲で批判を封じ、事実上、言論の自由はなく、主にヨーロッパの社会主義国を勢力圏として、アメリカを中心とする資本主義国の西側陣営と「東西冷戦」を繰り広げました。



「東西冷戦」のさなかで、1957年には、世界初となる人工衛星の打ち上げに成功。



1961年には、人類初の宇宙飛行をガガーリンが達成し「地球は青かった」ということばを残すなど、世界史にも残る出来事が続きました。



しかし、1960年代以降、政治体制は硬直化し、西側との軍拡競争は、日用品などの生活物資の不足を招き、原油価格の下落も不利に働き、1979年のアフガニスタン侵攻のかさむ戦費は国家財政を圧迫しました。



こうした中、1985年にソビエトの書記長に就任したゴルバチョフ氏は、若手の指導者として注目され、ペレストロイカ＝立て直しと、グラスノスチ＝情報公開を柱とする改革に着手しましたが、逆にソビエト崩壊への流れを加速させたとも指摘されています。



改革によって、アフガニスタン侵攻の悲惨な実態や、物質的に豊かな西側諸国の現状が伝わり、1986年のチェルノブイリ原発事故後の不十分な情報公開も、改革との矛盾を露呈。



各地での民族意識の高まりは、一部の共和国を独立へと向かわせました。



Then, in August 1991, conservatives who had a sense of crisis about Mr. Gorbachev's state management attempted a coup d'etat, but failed due to strong public protests, and the authority of the Soviet Communist Party was lost.



On December 8, the leaders of the three republics of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus declared the disappearance of the Commonwealth and the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States.



As a result, Mr. Gorbachev, who was the president of the Soviet Union, announced his resignation on December 25th.



The Soviet Union ended its 69-year history.

30 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union

Various voices have been heard in Moscow, the capital of Russia, about the collapse of the Soviet Union, which has been 30 years since the collapse of the Soviet Union.



Among them, a 61-year-old man said, "It was a pity that the Soviet Union collapsed. In the Soviet era, I was able to live a stable life without having to worry about tomorrow. But now, even if I wake up in the morning I don't know what will happen in the world or Russia. "While taking a positive view of the socialist Soviet era, now the conflict with the West is intensifying and I am worried that the future is uncertain. rice field.



A 57-year-old man said, "Russia, which has a vast territory, must be strong considering its history, and in order for Russia to become strong, it must seek everything," said the country after the collapse of the Soviet Union. He expressed his intention to support President Putin's strong diplomatic stance, which is to revive "strong Russia".



On the other hand, a 24-year-old woman said, "Russia now has no democracy and no freedom of speech. There are no choices in elections." Some pessimistic voices were heard.

Russian experts ...

About Russia now, 30 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, one of Russia's leading international political scientists, Dmitri Trenin, director of the Moscow Center of the Carnegie International Peace Foundation, said, "Russia is not a superpower like the Soviet Union. I don't even think of it as a superpower. "



He also pointed out that Putin's goal is to be recognized by the world as a major power and to be on an equal footing with the United States and China.



Regarding the growing tension between Russia and the United States and other NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organizations over neighboring Ukraine, Mr. Trainin said, "The problem for Russia is that Ukraine is effectively an ally of the United States and the gateway to Moscow. It is an American "unsinkable aircraft carrier" anchored in Ukraine. This evokes the "Cuba crisis" of 1962. "



As the Soviet Union tried to build a missile base in Cuba during the Cold War, the conflict with the United States intensified, and the world faced the crisis of nuclear war. He explained that becoming a military base is a security threat.



Regarding Russia's increasing vigilance against Ukraine as a military offensive, he said that the possibility of a military offensive was "very low" and said, "The military rather than diplomatic protests." I think it is the result of President Putin's decision that words alone will not produce the desired results. " Showed the outlook.

Japanese experts ...

Professor Emeritus Nobuo Shimotomai of Hosei University, who is familiar with Russian politics, said, "Unfortunately after the collapse, the middle class has fallen too severely. He pointed out that Russia and the former Soviet nations left a challenge in the transition to a market economy.



Regarding the growing tension between Russia and the West over Ukraine in the former Soviet Union, "Because the United States has cut a card saying that it will not dispatch soldiers, President Putin is now stronger. Isn't it? "



He then analyzes that "President Putin's strategy is to ease tensions, elicit a high degree of autonomy in eastern Ukraine, and abandon NATO's expansion to the east."



On the other hand, regarding relations with China, which is strengthening cooperation not only in politics and economy but also in military terms, "China seems to be an ally, but it is not. China such as Vietnam, India, Mongolia, Korean Peninsula, Japan, or Iran. "We are creating a kind of cushion in the surrounding area," he said. While strengthening relations with China, Russia is also building relations with neighboring countries and trying to balance it with China. Shows the point of view.

Putin Russia

ロシアのプーチン大統領は、1999年、当時のエリツィン大統領から後継者として首相に任命され、翌2000年に行われた大統領選挙を経て、2代目の大統領に就任しました。



それ以降、首相の時期をはさんで、20年以上にわたってロシアを主導しています。



就任当初から「強いロシアの復活」を掲げ、内政では、プーチン大統領と対立していた石油財閥の社長を逮捕するなど、政敵の新興財閥の解体やメディアの統制を行い、強権的な手法で政権基盤の強化を進めました。



またテロ対策として、ロシア南部のチェチェン共和国を拠点としたイスラム武装勢力に対して徹底した強硬姿勢で大規模な掃討作戦を行い、国民からの支持を集めました。



さらに経済では、国際的な原油高を背景に、エネルギー輸出を拡大して著しい経済成長を実現し、前のエリツィン政権時代には、破たんした状態だった国内経済を立て直しました。



外交面では、2001年9月、アメリカで起きた同時多発テロ事件の後、国際的なテロとの戦いでアメリカと協調する姿勢を見せていました。



しかし、アメリカがイラクによる大量破壊兵器の開発を主張して武力行使に踏み切ったことや、NATO＝北大西洋条約機構に東欧諸国や旧ソビエトのバルト3国も加盟したことにプーチン大統領は強い不信感をつのらせ、2007年、ドイツで行った演説で、アメリカの「単独主義」を痛烈に批判し、再び対立路線に戻ります。



また欧米と接近する旧ソビエト諸国に対しては強硬な姿勢を貫き、2008年には、NATO加盟を目指したジョージアに軍事侵攻。



2014年には、ウクライナ南部のクリミア半島を一方的に併合し、ロシアはG8からも排除され、欧米とロシアの関係も冷戦後最悪と言われるまで冷え込んでいます。



On the other hand, in recent years, with China in mind, it has shown a stance of strengthening not only political and economic but also military cooperation with China.



President Putin has been in his fourth term since 2018, but the domestic economy has stagnated due to the effects of economic sanctions on the Western side over the situation in Ukraine, and voices calling for changes centered on young people to the long-term administration. The popularity of Ukraine has been declining, with anti-government demonstrations taking place in various places.



Putin, on the other hand, is putting more pressure on him by detaining dissidents and regulating the media.



The constitution was amended by a national vote in July last year, and President Putin will be able to continue to cast until 2036, and it is being watched whether he will continue to be in power.