Strictly control new construction, strengthen safety management, and investigate hidden fire hazards
Add safety locks to super high-rise buildings (to build a higher level of safe China)
Our reporter Qiu Chaoyi and Ding Yiting
In order to strengthen the safety management of super high-rise buildings and comprehensively investigate potential safety hazards, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and the Ministry of Emergency Management issued the "Notice on Strengthening the Planning and Construction Management of Super High-Rise Buildings" (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice"), proposing to strictly control and control new super high-rise buildings , Strengthen the safety management of existing super high-rise buildings and other measures.
So what safety risks should be paid attention to in super high-rise buildings?
How to strengthen supervision?
The reporter interviewed relevant departments and experts.
Risk prevention, fire safety is the focus
Buildings of several hundred meters and dozens of floors have played an active role in the intensive use of land resources, the advancement of construction engineering technology, and the promotion of economic and social development.
However, in recent years, some buildings have blindly pursued heights, which has laid potential safety hazards.
The "Notice" stipulates that cities with a permanent population of less than 3 million in urban areas shall strictly restrict the construction of super high-rise buildings over 150 meters, and not build super high-rise buildings over 250 meters.
Cities with a permanent population of more than 3 million in the urban area strictly restrict the construction of super high-rise buildings over 250 meters, and no super high-rise buildings over 500 meters.
"Looking back at the development process of super high-rise buildings, there are not many super high-rise buildings over 500 meters in height in the world." Song Yehao, a professor at the School of Architecture of Tsinghua University, believes that the operation and maintenance of super high-rise buildings faces no small challenges.
Song Yehao said: "Various auxiliary systems such as elevators and air conditioners required by super high-rise buildings are far more complex than non-super high-rise buildings. The energy and resources required to meet the daily operation and maintenance of super high-rise buildings are also much higher than those of non-super high-rise buildings. architecture."
In addition to difficult operation and maintenance, high energy consumption, too many super high-rise buildings, it will also exacerbate the "big city disease".
"Super high-rise buildings may bring about urban heat island effects such as ground hardening and heating, light reflection pollution from glass curtain walls, and even ground subsidence. Super high-rise buildings are too dense, and they will also bring unfavorable wind environment of high-rise canyon wind." Beijing Architectural Design Research Said Zheng Shi, deputy general manager of the Institute.
The biggest difficulty lies in fire fighting.
"Fire fighting in super high-rise buildings is a worldwide problem." According to relevant experts from the Fire Rescue Bureau of the Ministry of Emergency Management, if a fire occurs in a super high-rise building, rescue will face the following difficulties: First, it spreads quickly, and there are elevator shafts and pipe shafts in the super high-rise building. Some buildings have thermal insulation materials on the outside, and the fire can easily spread upward from the inside and outside, forming a three-dimensional fire. Second, it is difficult to evacuate. The evacuation is mainly through stairs, but the vertical evacuation distance of super high-rise buildings is longer. It can cause trampling, suffocation, and poisoning; thirdly, it is difficult to supply water, and the fire-fighting water consumption of super high-rise buildings is large, and its own water supply may be difficult to meet the needs; fourthly, it is difficult to climb, some super-high-rise buildings exceed the height limit of raising fire-fighting vehicles.
In addition, most of the super high-rise buildings have underground floors, the load-bearing capacity of the road surface of the fire truck passage is reduced, and the climbing work site is limited.
“Therefore, fire fighting in super high-rise buildings requires high professional requirements. It requires not only special fire-fighting vehicles such as elevated fire trucks, high-rise water supply fire trucks, emergency rescue fire trucks, but also professional attackers and professional protective equipment. It is necessary to screen specialized fire fighting operation sites to improve rescue efficiency.” said a relevant expert from the Fire Rescue Bureau of the Emergency Management Department.
Strong supervision, investigation and rehearsal with both hands
How to ensure the fire safety of super high-rise buildings?
The reporter followed the fire rescue detachment of Yuzhong District, Chongqing City to find out.
There are 134 super high-rise buildings over 100 meters tall in Yuzhong District.
Strolling around the Jiefangbei, there are many tall buildings and large buildings.
Li Dongmei, a senior engineer of the Yuzhong District Fire Rescue Detachment, walks through high-rise buildings with his colleagues every day to conduct firefighting "physical examinations."
"Don't go in in a hurry." Li Dongmei came to a 60-storey office building and "went around the field."
She walked to the fire truck passage and checked the situation of vehicles occupying the lane and marking the line.
After checking the fire-fighting site, he approached the root of the wall to check whether the water pump adapter and fire hydrant were normal.
After checking the periphery, Li Dongmei went straight to the fire control room, which is the fire center of the super high-rise building.
"Are the staff on duty on duty 24 hours a day? Are the certificates compliant?" Li Dongmei asked while watching.
She opened the thick duty record and called up the electronic list of the fire switchboard to cross-check the time and process of fire alarm disposal.
Fire pump room, fan room, diesel generator room... the key parts "pass through the sieve" one by one, and then Li Dongmei came to the 15th floor, where there is a unique cave-the stairs are arranged in a staggered way and there are special passages; an independent smoke exhaust system can block toxic gases; dedicated Fire wall, heat insulation and smoke; there is also a dedicated fire phone, which can quickly communicate with the outside world.
“In a fire in a high-rise building, it is difficult to escape in a short time. Therefore, super high-rise buildings must be equipped with refuge floors or refuge rooms. In the past, some owners often used refuge floors for other purposes and piled up debris in order to improve utilization. After continuous rectification, It's much less now." Li Dongmei said.
Having been engaged in firefighting work for 13 years, Li Dongmei has personally felt that the fire safety net is getting stronger and stronger.
This year, Yuzhong District not only carried out special rectification of refuge floors and fire control rooms, but also comprehensively rectified the fire water problem of super high-rise buildings. The fire department, public security, housing construction and other departments continued to promote the opening of fire truck passages and fire inspection of external wall insulation .
Rescue is difficult, and fire prevention is even more important.
The "Notice" made detailed requirements for the "comprehensive investigation of potential safety hazards" and "systematic promotion of hidden hazard rectification" for existing super high-rise buildings, and clarified that localities should strengthen the supervision of the rectification of hidden dangers of super high-rise buildings, and implement listing supervision for major safety hazards; local fire rescue and rescue Institutions should strengthen the research and familiarization of super high-rise buildings, and organize actual combat drills on a regular basis.
This year alone, the Yuzhong District Fire Rescue Detachment organized 35 actual fire fighting drills for super high-rise buildings, including 15 night drills.
Across the country, the Fire Rescue Bureau of the Ministry of Emergency Management regards super-high-rise building fire fighting as a major issue, strengthens technical and tactical research, formulates and perfects fire-fighting and rescue procedures, and strengthens targeted training and training. Fire-fighting and rescue teams provide liquid, dismantle, exhaust smoke, and extinguish fires. The technical and tactical level has been significantly improved, and the overall combat capability has been enhanced.
Responsibility, more scientific decision-making management
"To manage production and operation, we must manage safety." The "Notice" further consolidates the safety responsibilities for super high-rise building owners or their entrusted management units.
According to relevant experts from the Fire and Rescue Bureau of the Emergency Management Department, the fire safety responsibilities of super high-rise building owners are stricter than other buildings. For example, in capacity building, it is necessary to establish full-time fire brigades, mini fire stations and other fire protection organizations, and treat employees at least every six months. Conduct a fire safety training, and conduct a comprehensive fire drill with all elements at least once every six months; in terms of system, the owners of super high-rise buildings should also prepare fire-fighting and emergency evacuation plans in different levels.
The plan should specify the emergency organization, determine the personnel and their responsibilities for communication, firefighting, evacuation and rescue tasks, and clarify the procedures and measures for alarm, contact, firefighting, and evacuation.
"The "Notice" proposes the establishment of three'teams', namely, the establishment of a professional fire safety management team, a full-time fire brigade or a voluntary fire brigade, and a technical disposal team. This will provide a strong guarantee for the fire safety of super high-rise buildings." China Academy of Building Research Sun Xuan, director of the Building Fire Protection Research Institute, said.
In addition to the owner's responsibility, the "Notice" also strengthened decision-making responsibilities, and proposed the implementation of a lifelong system of decision-making responsibilities for super high-rise buildings.
New construction of super high-rise buildings over 150 meters in cities with a permanent population of less than 3 million in urban areas, and construction of super high-rise buildings over 250 meters in cities with a permanent population of more than 3 million in urban areas shall be reported to the city’s party committee as a major public construction project in accordance with the Interim Regulations on Major Administrative Decision-Making Procedures. The government approves and implements lifelong accountability.
Sun Xuan believes that this is not only a requirement for administrative decision-making procedures, but also higher requirements for scientific and legal decision-making.
For example, whether to build super high-rise buildings or not, a more comprehensive assessment of firefighting and rescue capabilities should be carried out.
"Super high-rise buildings can be based on building information models to establish a smart building operation and maintenance platform, control energy consumption, and realize remote monitoring of fire protection. In addition, the super high-rise buildings should be inspected and evaluated regularly, and repaired and maintained in time based on the design service life." Zheng Really recommended.
In the next step, the Emergency Management Department will strengthen the safety management of super high-rise buildings in accordance with the content of the "Notice".
On the one hand, it compiles and distributes high-rise building fire risk guidelines, inspection guidelines and other documents to guide relevant personnel to identify risks, find hidden dangers, and rectify them in a timely manner; on the other hand, special rectification of super high-rise buildings will be carried out in conjunction with winter and spring fire prevention and control work.