Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, August 12. The State Council Information Office published on the 12th a white paper entitled "Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way: A Glorious Chapter in the Development of China's Human Rights Cause".

The full text is as follows:

Building a well-off society in all respects: a glorious chapter in the development of China's human rights cause

People's Republic of China

State Council Information Office

August 2021

  content

  Preface

  1. Building a well-off society in an all-round way, opening up a new realm of human rights

  1. The glorious course of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  2. The human rights connotation of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  3. The human rights significance of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  2. Eliminate absolute poverty and realize the right to a basic standard of living

  1. Poor people's right to food is stably guaranteed

  2. Poor people's drinking water safety is strongly guaranteed

  3. Compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas is fully guaranteed

  4. The basic medical care of the poor is effectively guaranteed

  5. The housing security of the poor is effectively guaranteed

  3. Promote human rights through development and promote economic, social and cultural rights

  1. Epidemic prevention and control pursue life first

  2. Health services are fair and accessible

  3. The quality of life is significantly improved

  4. More employment

  5. Continuous optimization of public cultural services

  6. The right to education is better protected

  7. The social security system covers all people

  8. Continuous improvement of the ecological environment

  9. The Human Development Index has increased substantially

  4. Implementing good laws and good governance to safeguard civil rights and political rights

  1. Expand people's democratic rights

  2. Protection of personal rights

  3. Protection of personal property rights

  4. Strengthen judicial protection of human rights

  5. Guarantee freedom of religious belief

  V. Promote social equity and protect the rights and interests of specific groups

  1. All-round improvement in the protection of farmers' rights and interests

  2. The protection of the rights and interests of women, children and the elderly continues to strengthen

  3. The protection of minority rights and interests has been further improved

  4. More effective protection of the rights and interests of persons with disabilities

  Concluding remarks

  Preface

  Human rights are the fruits and signs of the progress of human civilization. Respect and protection of human rights is the basic spirit of modern civilization and the unremitting pursuit of the Chinese Communists.

The Communist Party of China is a political party that seeks happiness for the people.

The 100 years of the Chinese Communist Party are 100 years of fighting for human rights, respecting human rights, protecting human rights, and developing human rights. It has greatly improved the level of human rights civilization in China and enriched and developed the diversity of human civilization.

  Building a well-off society in an all-round way is a major national development strategy implemented by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government to enhance the well-being of the people, raise the level of human rights protection for all people, and realize the modernization of the country.

On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and President of the State, solemnly declared in Beijing on behalf of the party and the people, “We have achieved the first centenary goal and built a moderately prosperous society on the land of China, which is a historic solution. The issue of absolute poverty is moving vigorously towards the second centenary goal of building a modern and powerful socialist country in an all-round way."

This is an exciting moment in the process of human rights in China, a moment in the annals of history, and a moment in the past.

  Building a moderately prosperous society in all respects is a true portrayal of the Communist Party of China not forgetting its original aspirations and keeping in mind its mission.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese people worked hard to win a well-off society in an all-round way, and finally realized the historical leap from poverty to subsistence to an overall well-off society to an all-round well-off society.

  A well-off society in an all-round way is a well-off society with economic prosperity, political democracy, cultural prosperity, social fairness, and a sound ecology. It is a well-off society for the balanced development of urban and rural areas and benefits all people. It is a well-off society that truly respects and comprehensively protects human rights.

China has built a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, consolidated the foundation of human rights, enriched the connotation of human rights, and broadened the vision of human rights, which means the comprehensive development of human rights and the sharing of all people, writing a new chapter in China's human rights cause, and creating a miracle of human rights respect and protection of human rights.

  1. Building a well-off society in an all-round way, opening up a new realm of human rights

  In China, "well-off" is an old term that refers to a state of relatively rich and happy life in which the standard of living is between food and clothing and wealth.

Enjoying a peaceful, peaceful and happy life is a beautiful vision of people since ancient times.

At the beginning of reform and opening up, China proposed the goal of building a moderately prosperous society based on its own specific national conditions, which contained rich connotations of paying attention to and enhancing people's livelihood and welfare, and safeguarding and promoting human rights.

The building of a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way has opened up a new era of comprehensive protection of human rights.

  1. The glorious course of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  Building a moderately prosperous society has been the grand strategy of the Communist Party of China to lead China to achieve national prosperity, national rejuvenation, and people’s happiness since the 1980s.

Based on the analysis and judgment of the actual development of China, the Communist Party of China proposes to insist on taking economic construction as the center and driving the progress of the whole society through economic development.

Since then, "well-off", "building a well-off society in an all-round way" and "building a well-off society in an all-round way" have become the phased goals of the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government.

  In December 1979, Deng Xiaoping proposed the idea of ​​building a "well-off home", creatively borrowing the concept of "well-off" rich in traditional Chinese cultural characteristics to express the important content and goals of "Chinese-style modernization".

The report of the Twelfth National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1982 made it clear that in the two decades from 1981 to the end of the 20th century, efforts should be made to quadruple the total annual output value of the country's industry and agriculture and solve the problem of food and clothing for the people.

The report of the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 1992 pointed out that the problem of food and clothing for 1.1 billion people has been basically solved, and they are moving towards a well-off society.

  The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China announced in 2002 that “the people’s life has achieved a historic leap from subsistence to a moderately prosperous life on the whole”, and further put forward the goal of “building a well-off society in an all-round way”: in the first two decades of this century, we will concentrate our efforts to achieve a comprehensive Building a higher-level well-off society that benefits more than one billion people will make the economy more developed, democracy more sound, science and education more advanced, culture more prosperous, society more harmonious, and people’s lives more prosperous.

  The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2012 further proposed to “ensure the achievement of the grand goal of building a well-off society in all respects by 2020” to achieve sustained and healthy economic development, continuous expansion of people’s democracy, real respect and protection of human rights, significant enhancement of cultural soft power, and people’s living standards Comprehensive improvement, and significant progress has been made in the construction of a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.

The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2017 proposed a decisive victory in building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. It requires that the main contradictions and changes in Chinese society be closely followed, and the economic construction, political construction, cultural construction, social construction, and ecological civilization construction should be promoted as a whole to overcome difficulties and build a well-off society in an all-round way It is recognized by the people and can stand the test of history.

  On July 1, 2021, Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee and President of the State, solemnly declared in Beijing on behalf of the party and people that a well-off society will be built in all aspects on the land of China.

  The all-round completion of a well-off society marks a crucial step in the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation in the Chinese dream, and fulfills the solemn promises made by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government to the people and to history.

  2. The human rights connotation of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  The process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way is also a process of all-round development of China's human rights cause. It always embodies and contains the strategies, goals and tasks of liberating, protecting, and developing people.

  To build a well-off society in an all-round way, we must first guarantee the right to subsistence.

Survival is the basis for the enjoyment of all human rights.

The construction of a well-off society regards solving the problem of food and clothing and ensuring the right to subsistence as the primary goal, and continuously meets the people's growing material and cultural needs.

In the process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, the people’s quality of life has been significantly improved, food, clothing, housing and transportation have been greatly improved, and the level of protection of the right to survival has been steadily improved.

  To build a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way will inevitably achieve the coordinated development of various human rights.

A well-off society in an all-round way emphasizes ensuring that the achievements of material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization, and ecological civilization benefit the people.

Adhere to the basic principle of interdependence and indivisibility of human rights, protect economic, social and cultural rights, and protect citizens' personal rights, personality rights, property rights, and democratic political rights, and promote all kinds of human rights and fundamental freedoms in an all-round way.

  To build a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way is to promote the human rights of all people.

A well-off society in an all-round way is essentially a well-off society in which all people share human rights.

In the historical process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, China has established a social justice system with fair opportunities, fair rules, and fair rights to effectively ensure that the people participate in development on an equal footing, promote development together, and share the fruits of development.

The Communist Party of China and the Chinese government adhere to the universality of human rights subjects to ensure that no one is left behind on the road to a comprehensive well-off; adhere to the principle of common prosperity, and promote the prosperity of all people through some people first to get rich, so that the fruits of development equally benefit all people, and achieve distribution justice; The principle of equality and non-discrimination before the law ensures that all citizens, regardless of ethnicity, race, gender, occupation, family origin, religious belief, education, property status, and length of residence, enjoy human rights without distinction and are equally respected ; Persist in the protection of vulnerable groups, with firm determination, precise thinking, and effective measures, and with the strength of the whole society, launch a general attack against absolute poverty, focusing on protecting the basic rights of poor areas and poor people.

  3. The human rights significance of building a well-off society in an all-round way

  Human rights are the foundation of good governance.

China has built a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, and has always adhered to the values ​​of respecting human rights, protecting human rights, and promoting human rights. It takes increasing the people's sense of gain, happiness, and security as the starting point and goal.

  Building a well-off society in an all-round way has laid a solid material foundation for the protection and development of human rights.

In the process of building a well-off society in an all-round way, China has unswervingly implemented the new development concept, maintained long-term rapid economic growth, and steadily solved the food and clothing problem of more than one billion people; broke the urban-rural dual structure, reformed the income distribution pattern, and continuously improved the income level of the people ; Carry out targeted poverty alleviation, targeted poverty alleviation, decisively overcome poverty alleviation, strengthen the protection of all kinds of vulnerable groups; basically establish a social security system covering the whole people, and greatly improve people's health and medical care; build and improve the public cultural service system, and fully realize free urban and rural areas Compulsory education, build an efficient and ubiquitous information network; accelerate the construction of ecological civilization, implement the basic national policy of environmental protection, increase pollution prevention and control efforts, and significantly improve the ecological environment.

To build a well-off society in an all-round way, economic, social, cultural, and environmental rights will be more equitable and accessible, and the equal participation and development of various subjects in the economic, political, social and cultural fields will be more practical, smooth and convenient.

  Building a well-off society in an all-round way has laid a solid democratic political foundation for the protection and development of human rights.

Adhere to the organic unity of the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the people being the masters of the country, and the rule of law, the party’s leadership system and mechanism have been improved, and the people’s congress system, the system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, the system of ethnic regional autonomy, and the system of grassroots mass autonomy have been steadily develop.

The institutionalization, standardization, rule of law, and proceduralization of socialist democratic politics are constantly advancing, with richer forms of democracy, smoother channels of democracy, and the initial establishment of a social governance pattern of co-construction and sharing, and the people are the masters of the country’s political and social life. Among them, civil rights are more protected, and democratic political rights are more adequate.

  The building of a moderately prosperous society in all respects has promoted the continuous strengthening of the protection of human rights and the rule of law.

"The state respects and protects human rights" is enshrined in the Constitution and has become an important principle of state governance.

Comprehensively promote the rule of law to become a national strategy, ensure the continuous improvement of the system and mechanism for the full implementation of the Constitution, scientific legislation, strict law enforcement, fair justice, and in-depth advancement of law-abiding by all people, the construction of a country under the rule of law, a government under the rule of law, and a society under the rule of law promote each other, and the socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics The system has been improved day by day, and the concept of the rule of law in the whole society has been significantly enhanced.

The reform of the administrative system, the reform of the national supervision system, and the reform of the judicial system have achieved substantial results, and the power operation restriction and supervision system construction have been effectively implemented.

The level of legalization of human rights protection has been continuously improved.

  Building a well-off society in an all-round way has fostered a culture of respect and protection of human rights in the whole society.

Building a well-off society in an all-round way has promoted the creative transformation and innovative development of Chinese excellent traditional culture. The core values ​​of socialism have been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, the level of public cultural services has been continuously improved, and cultural undertakings and cultural industries have flourished.

Building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way has better built the Chinese spirit, Chinese values, and Chinese power. Cultural self-confidence has been demonstrated, and the soft power of national culture and the influence of Chinese culture have been greatly enhanced.

The process of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way is also a process in which everyone continuously improves their awareness of their own value, personal dignity, and subject status, which promotes the formation of a cultural atmosphere that respects and protects human rights.

  2. Eliminate absolute poverty and realize the right to a basic standard of living

  Poverty is the biggest obstacle to the realization of human rights.

The Communist Party of China and the Chinese government pay close attention to the problem of rural poverty, continue to promote poverty alleviation and development, and continue to make new breakthroughs on the road to poverty eradication.

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the Chinese government has taken the poverty alleviation of the poor population as the bottom-line task and a landmark indicator for building a well-off society in an all-round way. Arduous task.

  According to the current poverty standard that the annual living standard of Chinese rural residents is below RMB 2,300 (constant price in 2010), after 8 years of continuous struggle since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, by the end of 2020, 98.99 million rural poor people in China under the current standard will be lifted out of poverty. 832 poverty-stricken counties all took off their hats and all 128,000 poverty-stricken villages were listed, and overall regional poverty was resolved.

Since the reform and opening up, according to the current poverty standards, 770 million rural poor people in China have been lifted out of poverty; according to the World Bank’s international poverty standards, China’s poverty reduction population accounted for more than 70% of the global poverty reduction population during the same period.

China has achieved the poverty reduction goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development 10 years ahead of schedule, and has made significant contributions to the development of global poverty reduction and human development.

  1. Poor people's right to food is stably guaranteed

  The Chinese government has laid a solid foundation for freedom from hunger by developing agricultural production.

Establish a modern agricultural industrial technology system, improve comprehensive agricultural production capacity, achieve steady growth in agricultural product output, and solve the problem of food shortage and malnutrition.

The total national grain output increased from 113.18 million tons in 1949 to 669.49 million tons in 2020.

At present, the per capita food consumption in the country exceeds 474.4 kg, which is higher than the international food security standard of 400 kg per capita.

Ensuring food access for the poor by increasing income.

Establish a targeted poverty alleviation and targeted poverty alleviation mechanism.

The per capita disposable income of rural residents in poverty-stricken areas has increased from 6,079 yuan in 2013 to 12,588 yuan in 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 11.6% from 2013 to 2020.

The intake of grains and cereals by the poor has steadily increased, the problem of "don't worry about eating" has been basically resolved, the health and nutritional status of key poor groups have improved significantly, and the basic right to avoid hunger has been effectively guaranteed.

Ensure the food supply of poor children through the nutrition improvement plan.

Implementing children’s nutrition improvement projects in poverty-stricken areas, providing free 1 pack of complementary food nutritional supplements for infants and young children aged 6-24 months in contiguous areas with special difficulties. As of 2020, a total of 11.2 million children have benefited.

Implementing the nutrition improvement plan for rural compulsory education students, providing nutritional supplements for students, covering 132,000 rural compulsory education schools, benefiting more than 38 million students every year.

  2. Poor people's drinking water safety is strongly guaranteed

  Since 2005, the Chinese government has invested a large amount of financial funds to implement the rural drinking water safety project. By the end of 2015, it has solved the drinking water safety problem of 520 million rural residents and more than 47 million rural school teachers and students.

The problem of drinking water safety in rural areas has basically been resolved.

During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, the rural drinking water safety consolidation and improvement project was implemented, and 28.89 million poor people have been solved in total, benefiting 382 million rural people.

The penetration rate of tap water in poor areas will increase from 70% in 2015 to 83% in 2020.

Through the implementation of water source replacement, purification treatment, relocation and other measures, a total of 9.52 million rural residents have solved the problem of excessive drinking water fluoride.

  3. Compulsory education in poverty-stricken areas is fully guaranteed

  In-depth implementation of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for Educational Poverty Alleviation" and the "Implementation Plan for Educational Poverty Alleviation in Deep Poverty Areas (2018-2020)", to ensure that compulsory education is guaranteed, and to block the intergenerational transmission of poverty.

Vigorously improve the conditions for running compulsory education schools in poverty-stricken areas, and continue to improve the level and quality of education in compulsory education schools.

The Internet access rate of primary and secondary schools (including teaching sites) across the country has reached 100%, and the proportion of schools with multimedia classrooms has reached 95.3%.

Implement a special job plan for teachers in rural compulsory education schools to attract more outstanding college graduates to teach in impoverished rural areas.

The living allowance for rural teachers in contiguous poverty-stricken areas has benefited more than 80,000 schools and 1.27 million teachers, and a total of 190,000 teachers have been selected to support education in remote and poverty-stricken areas and border ethnic areas.

Establish and improve the student financial assistance system, continuously improve the accuracy of student financial assistance, and provide living allowances to all students from financially disadvantaged families who have established a registration card for compulsory education.

Every year, about 150 million urban and rural compulsory education students are exempted from miscellaneous fees and receive free textbooks, about 25 million students from financially disadvantaged families receive living allowances, and about 14 million children of migrant workers in cities can carry relevant education funds.

The problem of dropout in compulsory education for children of poor rural families has been dynamically cleared. In 2020, the consolidation rate of nine-year compulsory education in poverty-stricken counties will reach 94.8%.

  4. The basic medical care of the poor is effectively guaranteed

  Implement health poverty alleviation projects, take comprehensive measures to ensure that the rural poor have access to basic medical and health services, focus on improving the level of medical security for the rural poor, and alleviate the problem of poverty due to illness and return to poverty due to illness.

Continue to improve the county and village three-level medical and health service system. In addition to meeting the basic medical security standards, which may not be established, each township and administrative village has a health center and clinic with qualified doctors, and each poor county There is at least one public hospital; 98% of poverty-stricken counties have at least one hospital above the second level; and the common and chronic diseases of the poor people can basically get timely diagnosis and treatment nearby.

All the poor are included in the coverage of the triple system of basic medical insurance, critical illness insurance, and medical assistance. The rate of participation in basic medical insurance for the poor is stabilized at over 99.9%, and the insurance coverage is basically achieved.

Implementing measures such as centralized treatment of serious diseases, contract management of chronic diseases, and protection of serious illnesses, and the number of special treatments for serious diseases of the rural poor population has increased to 30, including childhood congenital heart disease, childhood leukemia, gastric cancer, esophageal cancer, colon cancer, and severe mental illness Wait.

More than 20 million impoverished patients have received classified treatment, and families who have been plagued by the disease have stood up the backbone of life.

  5. The housing security of the poor is effectively guaranteed

  Through measures such as the renovation of rural dilapidated houses and the construction of collective public rental houses, we have helped tens of millions of poor farmers say goodbye to dilapidated mud and grass houses, adobe houses and other dilapidated houses and live in safe houses. The earthquake resistance and living comfort of rural houses have been significantly improved. Housing for the poor in rural areas and the safety of basic housing are effectively guaranteed.

Among them, from 2008 to 2020, the central government has invested a total of 284.25 billion yuan in subsidies to support 27.622 million poor households with registered cards, low-income households, rural destitute people, poor disabled families and other poor people to rebuild dilapidated houses and help More than 80 million rural poor people live in safe houses.

  3. Promote human rights through development and promote economic, social and cultural rights

  In the process of building a moderately prosperous society in all respects, China insists on promoting human rights through development, and promotes the full implementation of economic and social rights, cultural and educational rights, and ecological environment rights. People's lives are more prosperous, healthy, harmonious and happy.

  1. Epidemic prevention and control pursue life first

  The new crown pneumonia epidemic is the most serious global public health emergency experienced by mankind in a century.

China adheres to the people's supremacy and life supremacy, and it does not hesitate to pay a huge economic and social price. At the beginning of the epidemic, it adopted the most comprehensive, strictest and most powerful prevention and control measures, which effectively reversed the epidemic situation and safeguarded people's lives and health.

  In the early stage of the outbreak, China carried out an unprecedented scale of life rescue efforts throughout the country, mobilizing the best doctors, the most advanced equipment, and the most urgently needed resources from across the country to help Wuhan and Hubei Province.

From January 24 to March 8, 2020, a total of 346 national medical teams, 42,600 medical personnel, and more than 900 public health personnel were mobilized across the country to assist Hubei; 40,000 builders and thousands of mechanical equipment were urgently mobilized. In just over ten days, the Huoshenshan Hospital with 1,000 beds, Leishenshan Hospital with 1,600 beds, and 16 square cabin hospitals with a total of more than 14,000 beds were built.

Hubei Province has successfully cured more than 3,000 patients over 80 years old and 7 over 100 years old, and many severely ill elderly patients were rescued from the death line, which fully reflects the respect and protection of every life.

  Go all out to treat patients, do not miss every infected person, do not give up every patient, and promptly introduce a treatment cost guarantee policy to ensure that patients will not be affected by cost problems, and medical institutions will not be affected by cost problems. The cure rate reduces the mortality rate.

Persist in the organic combination of normalized precision prevention and control and local emergency response, and continuously consolidate the results of epidemic prevention and control.

Vigorously promote the new crown vaccination and accelerate the construction of an immune barrier.

  2. Health services are fair and accessible

  Without the health of the whole people, there would be no comprehensive well-off.

China puts people’s health in the strategic position of priority development, implements the Healthy China strategy, promotes the Healthy China action, promotes inclusive and efficient basic public health services, and continuously improves the fairness, accessibility, convenience and affordability of medical and health services sex.

  The public health service system has basically taken shape.

The number of medical and health institutions nationwide (including hospitals, primary medical institutions, and professional public health institutions) has increased significantly from 170,000 in 1978 to 1.023 million in 2020.

A public health service system including various professional institutions such as disease prevention and control, health education, maternal and child health, mental health prevention, emergency treatment, blood collection and supply, and health supervision has basically taken shape.

The scope of public health services continues to expand.

The basic public health service items that urban and rural residents enjoy free of charge have expanded from 9 categories in 2010 to 12 categories in 2020, and the contents of the projects cover the entire life process of residents.

Continuous implementation of projects such as stroke, cardiovascular disease high-risk screening, comprehensive intervention in oral diseases, early diagnosis and treatment of cancer, etc., has significantly enhanced the effectiveness of chronic disease prevention and control.

Major infectious diseases have been effectively contained.

By increasing the vaccination rate of the immunization program, China eliminated polio in 2000, eliminated neonatal tetanus in 2012, eliminated malaria in 2020, and was certified as a malaria-free country by the World Health Organization in 2021.

The overall AIDS epidemic has been controlled at a low epidemic level, and the successful treatment rate of tuberculosis has remained above 90%.

  The medical and health service system continues to improve.

China is committed to establishing a high-quality and efficient integrated medical and health service system, improving the accessibility and convenience of medical and health resources, improving the quality and efficiency of medical services, and the residents' experience of seeking medical treatment has improved significantly.

In 2020, the total number of beds in medical and health institutions nationwide will reach 9.11 million, including 7.13 million in hospitals and 1.39 million in township health centers; the total number of health technicians will reach 10.66 million, of which 4.08 million are practicing physicians and assistant practicing physicians, and 471 are registered nurses. 10,000; the total number of consultations and treatments throughout the year was 7.82 billion, the prenatal examination rate of pregnant and lying-in women reached 96.8%, and the hospital delivery rate was 99.9%.

Reasonably allocate medical resources, and build a hierarchical diagnosis and treatment service system of “first diagnosis at the grassroots level, two-way referral, separate treatment for emergency and slow treatment, and linkage between upper and lower levels”.

Abolish the mechanism of supplementing medicine with medicines, establish an essential medicine system, and fully equip public medical institutions at all levels with priority use of essential medicines, and implement zero-markup sales.

  人民健康指标稳步改善。居民主要健康指标总体上优于中高收入国家平均水平。中国人均预期寿命从1981年的67.8岁增长到2019年的77.3岁。婴儿死亡率从改革开放初期的37.6‰下降到2020年的5.4‰。孕产妇死亡率从2002年的43.2/10万下降到2020年的16.9/10万,被世界卫生组织誉为“发展中国家的典范”“妇幼健康高绩效国家”。基本医疗卫生与健康促进法通过并实施,为全方位全周期维护人民健康、实施健康中国战略提供法治保障。随着经济社会的发展,国家不断引导居民形成健康的生活方式。城乡居民在工作之余锻炼身体、关注饮食健康已经成为普遍的社会风气。

  3.生活质量显著提高

  居民收入水平持续提升。中国经济长期持续稳定增长,人均国内生产总值从1978年的385元增至2020年的72000元。2020年,全国居民人均可支配收入达到32189元。居民消费结构日益优化。2020年全国居民恩格尔系数为30.2%,比1978年降低33.7个百分点。基本居住条件显著改善。城镇居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的4.2平方米增长到2019年的39.8平方米;农村居民人均住房建筑面积从1978年的8.1平方米增长到2019年的48.9平方米。城市人均公园绿地面积从1981年的1.5平方米增长到2019年的14.36平方米。实施城镇保障性安居工程,帮助约2亿困难群众改善了住房条件。交通基础网络日益完善,人民出行更加安全便利。截至2020年,全国铁路运营里程达14.6万公里,其中高速铁路运营里程3.8万公里。公路总里程达519.81万公里,其中高速公路里程16.1万公里。城市轨道交通运营里程达7354.7公里。信息化生活品质大幅提升。中国政府大力实施新型基础设施建设,让人民群众享受更多的信息化发展成果。2020年,全国移动电话普及率达113.9部/百人;互联网普及率达70.4%,其中农村地区互联网普及率为55.9%。截至2021年6月,全国已建设开通5G基站84.7万个。互联网在线购物等消费新业态蓬勃发展。2020年,全国网络购物用户规模达7.82亿,占网民整体的79.1%;全国网络零售额11.76万亿元,比2019年增长10.9%。

  4.就业更加充分

  中国政府坚持实施就业优先战略和积极的就业政策,推动“大众创业、万众创新”,突出强调“要优先稳就业保民生”,致力实现充分就业、体面就业、和谐就业的美好愿景。建立起覆盖省、市、县、街道(乡镇)、社区(村)的五级公共就业服务网络体系。截至2020年,全国共有人力资源服务机构4.58万家,全年为2.9亿人次劳动者提供了就业、择业和流动服务;全国就业人数为75064万人,其中城镇就业人数为46271万人。2019年,中国城镇新增就业1352万人,连续7年保持在1300万人以上。在新冠肺炎疫情带来的不利影响下,2020年中国城镇新增就业仍达到1186万人。民营企业提供了80%以上城镇就业岗位。新产业新业态新模式不断涌现,创造了大量兼职就业、灵活就业岗位。劳动者工资收入快速增长,城镇非私营单位就业人员年均工资从1978年的615元增加到2019年的90501元。

  5.公共文化服务不断优化

  经过40多年的发展,覆盖城乡的公共文化服务体系不断完善,文艺创作持续繁荣,文化体育事业蓬勃发展。2020年,全国共有公共图书馆3212个,博物馆5788家,文化馆3321个,乡镇综合文化站32825个,村级综合性文化服务中心575384个。全年出版各类报纸277亿份,各类期刊20亿册,图书101亿册(张),人均图书拥有量达7.24册(张)。全国广播节目综合人口覆盖率为99.4%,电视节目综合人口覆盖率为99.6%。全年生产电视剧202部7476集,电视动画片116688分钟,故事影片531部,科教、纪录、动画和特种影片119部。实施广播电视户户通工程、农村电影放映工程、农家书屋工程等文化惠民工程,促进基本公共文化服务标准化、均等化,保障人民群众基本文化权益。公共数字文化工程累计建设可供全国共享的数字资源约1274TB,数字图书馆推广工程已覆盖全国39家省级图书馆、376家市级图书馆,服务辐射2760个县级图书馆。建设完善公共体育场、全民健身中心、体育公园、健身步道、足球场、多功能健身场地等多种类型的全民健身场地设施,倡导全民健身。2020年,全国共有体育场地371.3万个,体育场地面积31亿平方米,人均体育场地面积2.2平方米,行政村“农民体育健身工程”基本实现全覆盖,经常参加体育锻炼人数比例达37.2%。

  6.受教育权利得到更好保障

  中国坚持教育公益性原则,把教育公平作为国家基本教育政策,受教育权保障水平显著提升。全国学前三年毛入园率从2010年的56.6%提高到2020年的85.2%,实现了学前教育基本普及。2020年,全国九年义务教育巩固率为95.2%,义务教育普及程度达到世界高收入国家的平均水平。残疾儿童义务教育入学率达95%以上。建立覆盖从学前教育到研究生教育的全学段学生资助政策体系,不让一个孩子因家庭经济困难而辍学的目标基本实现。倾斜支持农村教育、中西部地区教育,全国96.8%的县实现义务教育基本均衡发展,更多农村和中西部地区孩子享受到更好更公平的教育。全国高中阶段教育毛入学率从2000年的42.8%提高到2020年的91.2%,超过中等偏上收入国家平均水平;高等教育毛入学率从2000年的12.5%提高到2020年的54.4%,高等教育在学总规模超过4000万人,建成世界上最大规模的高等教育体系。

  7.社会保障体系覆盖全民

  社会保障是保障和改善民生、维护社会公平、增进人民福祉的基本制度保障。2020年,全国参加职工基本医疗保险人数3.4亿人,参加城乡居民基本医疗保险人数10.2亿人,参保总人数超过13.6亿人;参加生育保险人数23567万人。截至2021年6月,全国参加城镇职工基本养老保险人数46709万人,参加城乡居民基本养老保险人数54735万人;参加失业保险人数22229万人;参加工伤保险人数27399万人,其中参加工伤保险的农民工9082万人;参加生育保险人数23546万人。国家还通过城乡居民大病保险等补充保险,在基本医保制度之外对大病患者高额医疗费用予以保障。构筑以最低生活保障、特困人员救助供养、受灾人员救助、医疗救助、教育救助、住房救助、就业救助、临时救助等为主体,社会力量参与为补充,应救尽救的综合性社会救助体系。截至2020年,全国共有805万人获得城市最低生活保障,3621万人获得农村最低生活保障,31万人获得城市特困人员救助供养,447万人获得农村特困人员救助供养,全年临时救助1341万人次,全国共实施医疗救助18608万人次,支出资金546.8亿元。为保障受疫情影响困难群众基本生活,2020年为困难群众发放价格临时补贴资金218亿元,惠及4亿人次;受疫情影响,困难群众有244万人新纳入低保,有254万人次获得临时救助。

  8.生态环境持续改善

  良好生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉。中共十八大以来,将生态文明建设纳入国家发展“五位一体”总体布局,倡导“绿水青山就是金山银山”绿色发展理念,严守生态保护红线,坚决打好污染防治攻坚战,推进美丽中国建设,切实保护公民环境权利。坚决打赢蓝天保卫战,空气更加清新。2020年,全国万元国内生产总值二氧化碳排放较2005年下降48.4%,提前完成比2005年下降40%至45%的碳排放目标。天然气、水电、核电、风电等清洁能源消费量占能源消费总量比重从2016年的19.1%上升到2020年的24.3%(初步核算数)。全国337个地级及以上城市中,2020年空气质量达标的城市占59.9%。着力打好碧水保卫战,水质持续优化。2020年,1940个国家地表水考核断面中,水质优良(Ⅰ-Ⅲ类)断面比例为83.4%,比2019年上升8.5个百分点;劣Ⅴ类断面比例为0.6%,比2019年下降2.8个百分点;全国近岸海域优良(一、二类)水质比例为77.4%,比2019年上升0.8个百分点;劣四类水质比例为9.4%,比2019年下降2.3个百分点。扎实推进净土保卫战,土壤环境风险得到有效管控。制定土壤污染防治法,实施土壤污染防治行动计划。以农用地和重点行业企业用地为重点,开展土壤污染状况详查。2014年至2019年,全国依法依规关停涉重金属行业企业3500余家,实施金属减排工程850多个。开展农用地土壤环境质量类别划分、治理修复等工作,农用地土壤环境状况总体稳定。全面禁止洋垃圾入境,基本实现固体废物零进口。人居环境不断改善。2020年,全国农村卫生厕所普及率超过68%,生活垃圾进行收运处理的行政村比例超过90%,全国农村生活污水治理率达25.5%;46个重点城市生活垃圾分类覆盖居民8300万户,居民小区覆盖率94.6%,地级及以上城市建成区黑臭水体消除比例超过90%。实施最严格的生态保护。截至2020年,全国共建立自然保护地近万处,保护面积覆盖陆域国土面积的18%,约90%的陆地生态系统类型和85%的重点野生动物种群得到有效保护。全国森林覆盖率由20世纪70年代初的12.7%提高到2020年的23.04%。在全球森林面积持续净损失达1.78亿公顷的不利形势下,中国森林面积近十年年净增约249.9万公顷,居全球第一。2012年至2021年6月,累计完成防沙治沙任务面积超过1900万公顷,封禁保护面积达到177.2万公顷。中国率先实现了荒漠化土地零增长,为实现《联合国2030年可持续发展议程》提出的2030年全球退化土地零增长目标作出重要贡献。

  9.人类发展指数大幅提升

  根据联合国开发计划署发布的“人类发展报告”,1990年中国还处于低人类发展水平组,1996年便进入了中等人类发展水平组,2011年又步入高人类发展水平组。中国的人类发展指数从1990年的0.499增长到2019年的0.761,是自1990年联合国开发计划署在全球首次测算人类发展指数以来,唯一从低人类发展水平组跨越到高人类发展水平组的国家。

  四、实行良法善治维护公民权利政治权利

  在全面建成小康社会进程中,中国共产党和中国政府践行以人民为中心的发展思想,以更大的力度、更实的措施发展全过程人民民主,维护社会公平正义,确保人民依法享有更加广泛、更加充分、更加真实的权利和自由。

  1.拓展人民民主权利

  坚持人民主体地位,发展完善人民代表大会制度以及中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度、基层群众自治制度,丰富民主形式,拓宽民主渠道,人民民主权利得到切实保障。

  民主选举有序发展。城乡按相同人口比例选举人大代表,保证各地区、各民族、各方面都有适当数量的代表。县级及以下人大代表实行直接选举,强调保障人民选举权和被选举权,确保选举工作风清气正、选举结果人民满意。2016年开始的县乡两级人民代表大会换届选举中,登记选民10亿多人,直接选举产生近248万名县乡两级人大代表。全国共有五级人大代表262万多名。

  社会主义协商民主稳步健全。推动协商民主广泛多层制度化发展,不断规范协商内容、协商程序,以事关经济社会发展全局和涉及群众切身利益的实际问题为内容,开展广泛协商。发挥人民政协作为社会主义协商民主的重要渠道和专门协商机构作用,推动协商履职成果更好运用。2012年1月至2021年6月,全国政协共收到58768件提案,48496件立案,大多数提案的建议得到采纳和落实。

  基层群众自治不断完善。修订城市居民委员会组织法、村民委员会组织法,进一步完善和规范居委会、村委会成员的选举和罢免程序。全国农村已普遍开展10轮以上村委会换届选举,98%以上的村委会依法实行直接选举,村民参选率达95%。拓展流动人口有序参与居住地社区治理渠道。在脱贫攻坚中,特别注重健全村民自治机制,凡是涉及脱贫攻坚惠民政策的落实、惠民资金的分配使用、民生工程项目的建设,都广泛开展议事协商,凝聚群众共识,取得群众支持。以职工代表大会为基本形式的企事业单位民主管理制度不断健全,目前全国已有29个省(区、市)制定了36个有关企业民主管理的地方性法规,保障职工参与管理和监督的民主权利,维护职工合法权益。

  知情权、参与权、表达权、监督权得到切实保障。实行审计结果公告制度,制定修改政府信息公开条例,提升政府信息公开水平,保障公民知情权。“互联网+政务服务”服务能力持续提升。通过推行“一网通办”,全国一半以上行政许可事项办理时限缩短40%以上,省级行政许可事项网上受理和“最多跑一次”比例超过82%,50个高频服务事项和200个便民服务实现“跨省通办”。根据《2020年联合国电子政务调查报告》,中国电子政务服务的在线服务指数与电子参与水平均列全球第9位,进入领先行列。推进民主立法,完善立法座谈论证、法律草案公开征求意见等制度,使每一项立法反映人民意志。截至2020年,十三届全国人大常委会已就87件次法律草案公开征求意见。不断健全依法决策机制,将公众参与、专家论证、风险评估、合法性审查、集体讨论确定为重大行政决策的法定程序,提高决策民主化水平。完善公开透明、高效便捷的诉求表达渠道,实行网上受理信访制度,广泛汇集社情民意,依法及时就地解决公民合理诉求,保障公民有序参与公共事务管理,监督国家机关依法行使职权。2018年至2020年,十三届全国人大常委会共听取和审议“一府一委两院”工作报告52个,共对19部法律和决定的实施情况进行检查,围绕“十四五”规划纲要编制、精准脱贫、污染防治、社会保险制度改革等内容开展18次专题调研,开展8次专题询问。把握政协民主监督性质定位,加强和改进政协民主监督工作,突出政协民主监督重点、丰富政协民主监督方式,不断完善民主监督的组织领导、权益保障、知情反馈和沟通协调机制,寓监督于协商之中,更好发挥协商式监督优势作用。推进监察体制改革,依法全方位加强对所有行使公权力的公职人员的监督。不断完善人民陪审员、人民监督员制度,保障公民参与司法、监督司法的权利。

  2.保障人身权利

  尊重人格尊严和价值,依法保护公民的人身权利和自由。

  公民人身自由得到尊重和保护。非由法律规定、非经法定程序不得剥夺、限制公民人身自由。十二届全国人大常委会2013年通过关于废止有关劳动教养法律规定的决定,十三届全国人大常委会2019年通过关于废止有关收容教育法律规定和制度的决定,国务院2020年废止《卖淫嫖娼人员收容教育办法》,废除劳动教养和收容教育制度,彰显国家尊重和保障人权的宪法精神及依法保障公民人身自由的人权理念。

  人员流动更加便利。不断推进户籍制度改革,实行城乡统一的户口登记制度,促进有能力在城镇稳定就业的常住人口有序实现市民化,更好保障人民公平享有民生权利。2020年,全国户籍人口城镇化率达到45.4%,比2012年提高10.1个百分点。2010年以来,共为1500余万无户口人员办理了落户,基本解决全国无户口人员登记户口问题。

  严格依法保护个人信息安全和隐私。颁布实施民法典,加强人格权保护。加强数据安全和个人信息安全保护,加大对侵犯公民个人信息行为的打击力度。2016年以来,通过开展专项行动依法办理一批涉嫌侵犯公民个人信息的案事件,泄露公民个人信息案事件得到有效遏制。2019年在全国范围开展App违法违规收集使用个人信息保护专项治理工作,重点治理无隐私政策、捆绑授权和强制索权、未经同意收集使用个人信息等突出问题,App隐私政策透明度大幅提升。2021年3月,国家网信办等四部门联合发布《常见类型移动互联网应用程序必要个人信息范围规定》,明确39类常见类型移动应用程序必要个人信息范围。2021年5月至7月,相关部门共组织对12种常见类型、用户下载量大的1035款App开展专项检测评估,对存在严重违法违规问题的351款App进行公开通报,对未在规定时限内整改的52款App依法依规采取下架处罚措施,违法违规收集使用个人信息行为逐步减少。依法严厉打击电信网络诈骗违法犯罪,严惩侵犯公民个人信息犯罪,加大个人隐私保护力度。2017年至2020年,全国各级人民法院一审审结侵犯公民个人信息的刑事案件数量分别为1393件、2315件、2627件、2558件,一审审结隐私权纠纷案件数量分别为273件、292件、331件、395件。依法审理手机应用擅自读取用户通讯录信息、网络信用平台滥用个人征信数据等案件,准确适用“通知-删除”规则,对散发诽谤他人言论的网络平台,根据受害人请求责令删除相关信息。2019年至2020年,全国各级人民法院一审审结网络侵权责任纠纷案件分别为4059件、4058件。检察机关将个人信息保护作为拓展公益诉讼案件范围的新领域重点部署推进,加强对公民个人信息保护。

  切实保障被羁押人和罪犯的合法权益。规范强制措施,减少羁押性强制措施的适用,实行看守所在押人员入所权利义务告知制度,建立在押人员投诉调查处理机制。完善相关法律制度,保障被羁押人的人格尊严及律师会见、申诉、医疗等合法权利。深化狱务公开,强化检察监督和执法监督,保障罪犯合法权利不受侵犯。实行人文关怀,开展罪犯离监探亲活动。制定实施社区矫正法,坚持依法管理与尊重保障人权相统一,监督管理与教育帮扶相统一,对符合条件的社区矫正对象落实最低生活保障,提供临时救助和社会保险、就业就学等政策,依法保障社区矫正对象的合法权益。截至2020年,已累计接收社区矫正对象537万人,累计解除矫正473万人,在册社区矫正对象64万人,社区矫正对象在矫正期间再犯罪率一直处于0.2%的较低水平。健全完善刑满释放人员救助管理制度,落实社会救助和就业安置措施,促进刑满释放人员顺利融入社会。

  3.保障个人财产权

  健全以公平为核心原则的产权保护制度。清理有违公平的法律法规条款,加强对各种所有制经济组织和自然人财产权的保护,鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济发展,保证各种所有制经济依法平等使用生产要素、公平参与市场竞争、同等受到法律保护。宪法规定公民的合法私有财产不受侵犯,国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产权和继承权。民法典明确规定对所有财产权平等保护,强化对个人信息、数据和网络虚拟财产等的保护,完善了权利保护和救济规则,形成有效的权利保护机制,公民财产权法治保障水平不断提升。

  为优化营商环境提供法治保障。毫不动摇地坚持鼓励、支持、引导非公有制经济发展的一系列方针政策,依法打击侵犯民营企业及经营者合法权益的犯罪,依法保护民营企业自主经营权,以及企业经营者人身、财产安全。坚持刑法的谦抑性,严格规范涉及民营企业的执法司法行为,坚决禁止刑事执法介入经济纠纷,依法准确适用强制措施,最大限度减少对企业正常生产经营活动的影响。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院先后发布一系列涉及民营企业司法保护指导性案例和典型案例,指导各级司法机关依法办案。

  加大知识产权保护力度。加强知识产权保护和运用,健全技术创新激励机制。完善体现知识产权价值的侵权损害赔偿制度,进一步彰显激励和保护创新的鲜明态度,净化市场竞争环境,促进创新发展。在北京、上海、广州设立知识产权法院,通过审理重大典型案件,确立裁判规则,统一裁判标准,加大对知识产权侵权行为的惩治力度,着力解决侵权成本低、维权成本高等问题。最高人民检察院设立知识产权检察办公室,统一指导履行知识产权刑事、民事、行政检察职能,构建知识产权全方位综合性司法保护机制。加强国际知识产权执法司法对话、交流与合作,推动构建更加公平合理的知识产权国际规则。

  4.加强人权司法保障

  深化司法体制改革,全面落实司法责任制,完善律师执业权利保障制度,加强对司法活动的监督,维护人民权益,努力让人民群众在每一个司法案件中都感受到公平正义。

  稳步推进司法体制改革。2014年中共十八届四中全会通过《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》,全方位改革司法体制,保证公正司法,提高司法公信力。全面落实司法责任制改革,健全有序放权、科学配权、规范用权、严格限权的司法管理体制和司法权力运行体系。优化司法职权配置,深化以审判为中心的刑事诉讼制度改革,强化检察机关法律监督职能,充分发挥诉讼程序制约作用,完善执法司法权力运行程序、行使方式、责任要求,健全执法司法机关之间工作衔接机制,健全公安机关、检察机关、审判机关、司法行政机关分工负责、各司其职,侦查权、检察权、审判权、执行权相互配合、相互制约的体制机制,构建各尽其职、配合有力、制约有效的工作体系。

  健全司法人员依法履职保护机制。建立健全领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理和司法机关内部人员过问案件的记录通报和责任追究制度,保障司法机关和司法人员依法办理案件不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。规范司法人员考评考核和责任追究、惩戒办法,明确法官、检察官依法履行法定职责的行为不受法律追究,非因故意违反法律、法规或者有重大过失导致裁判结果错误并造成严重后果的,不承担错案责任;非因法定事由、非经法定程序,不得将法官、检察官调离、免职、辞退或者作出降级、撤职等处分。建立健全司法人员受到侵害救济保障机制和不实举报澄清机制,坚决打击侵害司法人员合法权益的行为,推动形成尊重司法裁判、维护司法权威的社会氛围。完善抚恤优待办法,为法官、检察官的人身、财产等权益提供与其职业风险相匹配的保障。

  坚决纠正和防范冤错案件。建立健全错案发现、纠正、防范和责任追究机制,坚持程序公正和实体公正相统一,坚持严格公正司法,坚持罪刑法定、无罪推定、证据裁判,严禁刑讯逼供、体罚虐待,严格实行非法证据排除规则,坚持实事求是、有错必纠,落实国家赔偿制度,加强人权司法保障。2019年至2020年,全国各级人民法院分别按照审判监督程序再审改判刑事案件1774件、1818件;依法宣告637名、656名公诉案件被告人和751名、384名自诉案件被告人无罪;审结国家赔偿案件18164件、18433件,保障赔偿请求人合法权益。2020年1月至2021年6月,各级检察机关通过审判监督程序提出刑事抗诉1325件,同期法院改判685件、发回重审134件;提出刑事再审检察建议616件,同期法院改判214件、发回重审6件。“张氏叔侄强奸杀人案”“于英生杀妻案”“陈满故意杀人案”等一批重大冤错案件得到依法纠正。

  加强对执业律师权利的保障。完善律师执业权利保护制度,印发《关于依法保障律师执业权利的规定》等文件,对保障律师会见、阅卷、调查取证以及庭审中的发问、质证、辩论辩护等各项诉讼权利作出全面规定,健全完善了律师执业权利救济机制和责任追究机制。最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、国家安全部、司法部和全国律协建立了维护律师执业权利快速联动处置机制,畅通律师维权通道,确保律师权利被侵犯后能够得到及时有效救济。全国律协、省级和设区的市级律师协会全部设立维护律师执业权利中心,专门负责维护律师执业权利工作。最高人民检察院开展保障律师执业权利专项监督活动,监督纠正执法司法机关阻碍律师依法行使诉讼权利问题,保障诉讼活动顺利进行。截至2020年,全国共有律师事务所3.4万多家,律师52.2万多人。

  全面推进阳光司法。深入推进审判公开、检务公开、警务公开和狱务公开,依法及时公开执法司法依据、程序、流程、结果和生效法律文书。推进智慧司法建设,执法司法信息化水平不断提升,保障当事人获得更为高效便捷诉讼服务。截至2020年,全国98%的法院建成了信息化程度较高的诉讼服务体系,为当事人提供全方位的诉讼服务;98%的法院开通诉讼服务网,为当事人、律师提供网上预约立案、案件查询、卷宗查阅、电子送达等服务。全国检察机关自2014年10月1日部署应用案件信息公开系统以来,截至2021年6月30日,“案件信息公开网”已导出案件程序性信息15023598件、发布重要案件信息1142802件、公开法律文书6597917件,接受辩护与代理网上预约558872人次。2019年,“案件信息公开网”统一并入“12309中国检察网”,网上服务进一步优化升级,检察机关案件信息公开进入信息化、常态化、规范化的快速发展轨道。

  完善法律援助制度。发布实施《法律援助值班律师工作办法》,在法院、看守所普遍设立法律援助工作站。加强刑事法律援助,落实刑事诉讼法及相关配套法规制度关于法律援助范围的规定,积极开展刑事案件律师辩护全覆盖试点工作。扩大民事、行政法律援助覆盖面,与民生紧密相关的事项逐步纳入法律援助补充事项范围。聚焦打赢脱贫攻坚战,以法治扶贫为切入点,扩充法律援助事项、扩大法律援助范围,惠及更多困难群众。提升法律援助服务质量,发布并落实全国刑事、民事和行政法律援助服务规范,制定法律援助案件质量评估标准。2020年,全国组织办理法律援助案件近140万件,受援人达216万余次,提供法律咨询1466余万人次;值班律师提供法律援助(不含法律咨询)74万余件,其中参与认罪认罚从宽案件68万余件。截至2020年,在全国乡镇(街道)司法所及仲裁、法院、信访等矛盾纠纷相对集中的部门设立法律援助工作站7万余个,方便群众就近获得法律援助服务。

  5.保障宗教信仰自由

  宪法规定公民有宗教信仰自由。中国政府支持各宗教坚持独立自主自办的原则,在法律范围内进行各种宗教活动;依法对涉及国家利益和社会公共利益的宗教事务进行管理,不干涉各宗教内部事务,宗教工作法治化水平不断提高。2017年修订《宗教事务条例》,贯彻实施《中华人民共和国境内外国人宗教活动管理规定》,依法保障中国公民及境内外国人的宗教信仰自由。依法打击宗教极端主义以及打着宗教活动名义开展的“邪教”活动。中国现有依法登记的宗教活动场所14.4万处,宗教院校92所,信仰佛教、道教、伊斯兰教、天主教和基督教等宗教的公民近2亿人,宗教教职人员38万余人。不断加大宗教教职人员社会保障力度,宗教教职人员医疗保险参保率达96.5%,养老保险参保率达89.6%,基本实现了宗教教职人员社保体系全覆盖。公民的宗教信仰自由得到充分保障,呈现出宗教和顺、社会和谐的良好局面。

  五、促进社会公平保障特定群体权益

  全面建成小康社会,一个也不能少。中国切实维护和促进农民权益,高度重视对妇女、儿童、老年人、残疾人及少数民族等特定群体权益的保障,使他们享有均等机会,以平等身份充分参与经济政治文化社会生活,共享发展成果。

  1.农民权益保障全方位改善

  土地制度改革极大增进农民财产性权利。改革开放后实施家庭联产承包责任制,解决了农民的温饱问题;全面取消农业税费,减轻了农民负担。中共十八大以来,稳定农村土地承包关系并保持长久不变,实施农村集体土地所有权、承包权、经营权“三权分置”,赋予农民对承包地占有、使用、收益、流转及经营权融资担保权能,保障农户宅基地用益物权,增加农民财产性收入,赋予农民更多财产权利。截至2020年,31个省(区、市)均开展了承包地确权工作,承包地确权面积达15亿亩,完善土地承包合同2亿份,颁发土地承包经营权证书2亿份。

  农民工生活条件不断改善。2012年至2020年,全国农民工人均月收入从2290元上升到4072元。进城农民工居住环境明显改善,人均居住面积达到21.5平方米,住房中有洗澡设施的占85.4%,能上网的占94.8%,拥有电冰箱、洗衣机、汽车(包括经营用车)的比重分别为67%、68.1%、30.8%。

  关爱农村留守人员。随着返乡创业就业、就业扶贫、随迁子女就地入学等工作的持续开展,全国农村留守儿童数量从2016年的902万名下降到2020年的643.6万名。印发《关于进一步健全农村留守儿童和困境儿童关爱服务体系的意见》《关于劳动密集型企业进一步加强农村留守儿童和困境儿童关爱服务工作的指导意见》等政策文件,完善农村留守儿童关爱工作顶层设计。印发《关于加强农村留守妇女关爱服务工作的意见》,结合各地实际,面向有困难、有需求的农村留守妇女提供相应关爱服务。印发《关于加强农村留守老年人关爱服务工作的意见》,农村留守老年人关爱服务政策已实现省级层面全覆盖,有力保障了特殊困难老年人基本生活。

  农村人居环境极大改善。推进农村生活垃圾治理,扎实开展农村厕所革命,梯次推进农村生活污水治理,提升村容村貌。截至2020年,全国95%以上村庄开展了清洁行动。2019年至2020年,累计安排144亿元中央财政资金实施农村厕所革命整村推进奖补政策,安排中央预算内投资60亿元支持中西部省份以县为单位开展农村人居环境整治项目建设。中央财政对农村人居环境整治成效明显的39个县给予激励支持。

  2.妇女儿童老年人权益保障持续加强

  法律政策体系日臻完善。中国于20世纪90年代先后制定未成年人保护法、妇女权益保障法、老年人权益保障法,并对三项法律进行多次修改完善。制定母婴保健法、反家庭暴力法、预防未成年人犯罪法等法律,颁布《女职工劳动保护特别规定》《禁止使用童工规定》《校车安全管理条例》《未成年工特殊保护规定》等行政法规及部门规章,为保障妇女儿童老年人权益奠定了法律基础。印发《关于建立健全法规政策性别平等评估机制的意见》,切实从法规、规章、政策的源头上贯彻男女平等基本国策,促进妇女全面发展。2020年颁布民法典,增设居住权,明确夫妻共同债务的范围,增加防止和制止性骚扰等条款,进一步提高了妇女儿童老年人等群体的保护水平。中国政府先后制定实施三个周期的中国妇女发展纲要、中国儿童发展纲要和五个老龄事业发展纲要(规划)。

  妇女经济社会参与能力不断提升。全国15岁及以上女性文盲率由1979年的20.5%降至2017年的7.3%,普通高等学校本专科在校女生占在校生总数的比例由1978年的24.1%提高到2019年的51.7%。全国女性就业人数占全社会就业人数的比重超过四成。2018年修订的农村土地承包法明确规定,农村土地承包,妇女与男子享有平等的权利。2018年十三届全国人大代表中有742名妇女代表,占比24.9%,比1983年第六届全国人大提高了3.7个百分点;十三届全国政协委员中有440名女性委员,占比20.4%,比1983年第六届全国政协提高了7.6个百分点。

  妇女儿童健康保障水平进一步提高。2020年,全国孕产妇产前检查率为97.4%,住院分娩率为99.9%。实施农村妇女宫颈癌和乳腺癌免费检查项目,将宫颈癌和乳腺癌纳入国家大病救治范围。实施贫困地区儿童营养改善项目,截至2020年,累计1120万儿童从项目中受益。5岁以下儿童死亡率从1991年的61‰下降至2020年的7.5‰。

  儿童得到特别关爱和特殊保护。2020年,全国有儿童社区服务中心2.9万个,社区服务站24.9万个,城乡社区家长学校36万个,城乡社区儿童之家32万余个。全国乡镇一级配备儿童督导员5.6万名,村一级配备儿童主任67.5万名,基层儿童工作队伍建设和儿童关爱服务水平不断提高。进一步加强对孤儿、残疾儿童、农村留守儿童、困境儿童等特殊群体的关爱保护。加大孤儿保障力度。2019年,中央专项资金对孤儿基本生活补助标准提高50%,东、中、西部分别补助300元/月、450元/月和600元/月。截至2020年,全国儿童福利机构集中养育孤儿6万名,基本生活保障月平均标准达1611.3元/人;社会散居孤儿13.4万名,基本社会保障月平均标准达1184.3元/人。印发《关于进一步加强事实无人抚养儿童保障工作的意见》,将事实无人抚养儿童全面纳入制度保障范围。截至2020年,全国共有25.4万名事实无人抚养儿童纳入保障范围,全国平均保障标准达每人每月1184.3元。坚持对侵害未成年人犯罪“零容忍”。2017年至2020年,各级检察机关共批准逮捕侵害未成年人犯罪16.02万人,起诉21.85万人。在司法程序中充分保障未成年被害人的合法权利,推行具备取证、心理疏导、司法救助等功能的“一站式”询问、救助机制,截至2020年,全国共建成“一站式”询问、救助办案区1029个。加强未成年被害人多元综合救助,2019年共向4306名未成年被害人及其家庭等发放救助金6200余万元。

  老年人生活和权益保障状况持续改善。中国大力发展养老服务,逐步建立居家社区机构相协调、医养康养相结合的养老服务体系,大力开展农村留守老年人关爱服务,推进老年人家庭适老化改造和老年宜居环境建设,将赡养老人支出纳入个人所得税抵扣范围,努力让老年人老有所养、老有所依、老有所乐、老有所安。2020年,国家将1834万困难老年人及时纳入最低生活保障范围,388万老年人纳入特困人员救助供养范围。经济困难的高龄失能等老年人补贴制度实现省级全覆盖。截至2020年,全国享受高龄津贴、护理补贴、服务补贴的老年人分别为3058.9万、81万和23.5万。截至2020年,全国建成各类养老机构3.8万个,社区养老服务机构和设施有28万个,养老床位合计823.8万张。国务院办公厅印发文件,强调坚持传统服务方式与智能化服务创新并行,切实解决老年人在运用智能技术方面遇到的困难。

  3.少数民族权益保障进一步完善

  少数民族参与国家事务管理权利得到有效保障。严格落实宪法法律关于民族自治地方的自治机关领导人员中配备少数民族领导干部的规定,以及关于少数民族人大代表选举的规定。选举法明确规定,人口特少的民族,至少应有全国人大代表一人。55个少数民族均有本民族的全国人大代表和全国政协委员。十三届全国人大代表中,少数民族代表438名,占14.7%。

  少数民族和民族地区生活水平大幅提升。国家制定专项规划,实施西部大开发、兴边富民行动、对口支援以及扶持人口较少民族发展、少数民族特色村镇保护与发展等一系列政策措施,促进民族地区经济快速发展。内蒙古、广西、西藏、宁夏、新疆五个自治区和贵州、云南、青海三个多民族省份2018年至2020年的总体经济增长幅度超过全国平均增长水平,居民人均可支配收入从1978年的150多元增长到2020年的24534元。

  少数民族和民族地区教育事业快速发展。中国通过发展民族地区各级各类学校,举办预科班、民族班,在广大农牧区推行寄宿制教育,着力办好民族地区高等教育等举措,促进教育公平,保障少数民族受教育权利。民族地区已全面普及从小学到初中9年义务教育,西藏自治区和新疆维吾尔自治区的南疆阿克苏地区、克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州、喀什地区、和田地区四地州实现了从学前到高中阶段15年免费教育。

  少数民族文化事业蓬勃发展。在民族地区推广普及国家通用语言文字,依法保障各民族使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由,促进民族团结和社会和谐。截至2020年,民族自治地方共设置广播电台、电视台、广播电视台等播出机构729个。全国各级播出机构共开办民族语电视频道279套,民族语广播188套。元上都遗址、土司遗址、红河哈尼梯田文化景观、拉萨布达拉宫历史建筑群(含罗布林卡和大昭寺)、“丝绸之路:长安-天山廊道的路网”等列入世界文化遗产名录。中国入选联合国教科文组织人类非物质文化遗产名录(名册)的42项非物质文化遗产中,少数民族项目有15项,占37.5%。在少数民族地区设立了11个国家级文化生态保护(实验)区。全国25个省(区、市)已建立民族古籍整理与研究机构,截至2020年,抢救、整理散藏民间的少数民族古籍约百万种(不含馆藏及寺院藏书),包括很多珍贵的孤本和善本。组织实施《中国少数民族古籍总目提要》编纂工程,全部完成后将收录书目约30万种。

  民族地区人民生活安宁祥和。在统一多民族的中国,不断铸牢中华民族共同体意识,坚持共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展,各民族共建美好家园,共创美好未来。在各族人民群众共同支持下,国家依法打击民族分裂势力、宗教极端势力、暴力恐怖势力,维护民族团结和社会稳定,人民的生活安宁权、生命健康权、财产权等得到有效保障,获得感、幸福感、安全感不断提升。

  4.残疾人权益保障更加有力

  残疾人社会保障体系不断完善。全面建立困难残疾人生活补贴和重度残疾人护理补贴制度。截至2020年,享受困难残疾人生活补贴人数有1212.6万人,享受重度残疾人护理补贴人数有1473.8万人。截至2020年,共有2699.2万残疾人参加城乡居民社会养老保险,其中1140.5万残疾人领取养老金;1076.8万残疾人获得城乡最低生活保障,其中重度残疾人641.4万人;680.1万重度残疾人中政府代缴养老保险费比例达到96.7%;另有303.7万非重度残疾人享受全额或部分代缴养老保险费的优惠政策。

  残疾人康复服务普惠可及。残疾人康复服务纳入基本公共服务规划,建立残疾儿童康复救助制度,实施残疾人精准康复服务行动,发展精神障碍社区康复服务,推进康复辅助器具产业发展,为残疾儿童和持证残疾人提供基本康复服务和产品。2020年,1077.7万名残疾儿童及持证残疾人得到基本康复服务,242.6万名残疾人得到各类辅助器具适配服务。自2018年建立实施残疾儿童康复救助制度以来,全国接受康复救助的残疾儿童达67.6万人次。残疾预防工作取得积极成效。2017年国务院批准将每年8月25日设立为“残疾预防日”,提高公众残疾预防意识。制定发布《国家残疾预防行动计划(2016-2020年)》,有效控制出生缺陷和发育障碍致残、着力防控疾病致残、努力减少伤害致残和显著改善康复服务等四项行动取得积极进展,主要任务目标基本实现。

  残疾人受教育水平稳步提高。着力办好特殊教育,大力发展融合教育,努力保障残疾人享有平等受教育权。2020年全国共有特殊教育学校2244所,专任教师6.62万人,在校学生88.08万人,比2013年增加51.27万人,增长139.3%。不断完善随班就读支持保障体系,在普通学校随班就读的残疾学生规模不断扩大,由2013年的19.1万人增加到2020年的43.58万人,增长128.2%。近10年来,残疾学生在普通学校就读的比例均接近或超过50%。全国实现了家庭经济困难残疾学生从小学到高中阶段教育的12年免费教育。

  残疾人就业权利得到更好保障。中国通过完善法律法规、拓展就业渠道、完善服务体系,促进残疾人就业权利的实现。截至2020年,全国共有残疾人就业服务机构2811家,国家级残疾人职业培训基地478家,城乡持证残疾人就业人数855.2万人。积极开展残疾人扶贫。2015年至2020年,全国共建立4581个残疾人扶贫基地,扶持近40.9万残疾人就业增收;建档立卡贫困残疾人家庭人均纯收入由2015年的2776.2元增长到2019年的8726.2元。

  残疾人无障碍环境建设大力推进。制定实施《无障碍环境建设条例》。截至2020年,1753个市、县开展无障碍建设,全国累计创建469个无障碍市县村镇。全国村(社区)综合服务设施中有81.05%的出入口、56.58%的服务柜台、38.66%的厕所进行了无障碍建设和改造。2016年至2020年,全国共有65万贫困重度残疾人家庭得到了无障碍改造。截至2019年,全国已建成各级残疾人综合服务设施2341个,康复设施1006个,托养服务设施887个;共有省级残疾人专题广播节目25个、电视手语栏目32个;设立盲文及盲文有声读物阅览室1174个。全面推进信息无障碍建设,增强信息无障碍终端产品供给,推进无障碍产品和服务技术推广应用,拓宽残疾人参与信息社会的渠道,推动信息化与无障碍环境的深度融合,消除“数字鸿沟”,助力社会包容性发展。

  全面小康,贵在全面。中国始终把人民安危冷暖、安居乐业放在首位,全力解决好人民群众关心的问题,在幼有所育、学有所教、劳有所得、病有所医、老有所养、住有所居、弱有所扶上取得显著进展。全面建成小康社会惠益了全体人民,使中国人民享有了比任何时候都更为充分的人权。

  结束语

  全面建成小康社会,是全体中国人民在中国共产党领导下拼搏奋斗的一项伟大壮举。

  全面建成小康社会的伟大实践,积累了尊重和保障人权的宝贵经验。这就是在中国共产党的领导下,在中国特色社会主义制度中,坚持人权的普遍性与中国国情相结合,坚持以人民为中心的人权理念,坚持生存权发展权是首要的基本人权,坚持以发展促人权,坚持人民幸福生活是最大的人权,坚持人权法治保障,坚持促进人权事业全面发展,推动构建人类命运共同体。

  中国人口占世界总人口的近五分之一。中国全面建成小康社会,是世界人权事业发展史上的重要里程碑。中国在全面建成小康社会的伟大进程中,所创造的尊重和保障人权的成功做法和经验,为增进人类福祉贡献了中国智慧、提供了中国方案。

  人权保障没有最好,只有更好。全面建成小康社会,奠定了中国人权发展进步的新起点。在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中,中国共产党将把握新发展阶段,贯彻新发展理念,构建新发展格局,推动高质量发展,继续带领全体人民为享有更加幸福安康的生活和更高水平的人权而奋斗。中国必将为世界人权事业发展作出新的更大贡献。