Wang Yi said in a statement that he hoped the Taliban would strike at the Uighur separatist group Eastern Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM), which China sees as a "direct threat to China's national security."
The Taliban promised during the meeting that Afghanistan will not be a base for separatists to conspire against another country, a spokesman for the group said.
The nine-member Taliban delegation is led by the group's supreme political leader Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar.
Chinese concern for Uighur separatists
The border between China and Afghanistan is only 7.6 km long and is located at a high altitude and has no road across the border.
But China still fears Uighur separatists may be active in the neighboring country.
"The Islamic Emirate assured China that Afghanistan's land will not be used against any other country's security," said Mohammad Naeem, a spokesman for the Taliban movement.
"They promised not to interfere in Afghanistan's business, but instead to help solve problems and create peace," he said of the response from China.
The Taliban have been pursuing international diplomacy recently, hoping to be recognized by other countries.
In May, the group launched an offensive in connection with the withdrawal of foreign troops in Afghanistan.