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In the early years of the beginning of the twentieth century, and after the removal of Sultan Abdul Hamid II from the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1909 AD, who was considered at that time a major obstacle in the face of global Zionism, the Jewish gangs, with his downfall, began to emigrate from the countries of the world to Palestine, carrying with them their dream of their national homeland. And their Talmudic aspirations, and on the impact of these shocks, the eyes of Amin Al-Husseini, the man who will remain for more than half a century of his life, has dedicated himself and his time to revive the cause of his homeland in the hearts of his people and the world at large.

There is no doubt that Al-Husseini not only embodies the icon of the Palestinian struggle, but should not only be viewed from this perspective, as he is part of the modern history of Palestine in its darkest, darkest and most difficult years, starting from the period that preceded the British occupation through to the arbitrary Jewish immigration that soon They were not armed with the most powerful weapons and equipment, up to the harsh shock of the years of the Nakba and its aftermath.

These different stages represented nothing but stations in a biography full of courageous and strange situations at the same time, a man who combined religion and politics, and large crowds turned around him, and the Palestinians considered him a leader who followed him with confidence and confidence.

Mufti Amin Al-Husseini (communication sites)

Muhammad Amin bin Taher bin Mustafa Al-Husseini was born in Jerusalem in 1897, the same year that witnessed the establishment of the first conference of world Zionism headed by Theodor Herzl. Al-Husseini was born to a well-established family that sold honor, jobs and prestige. His father, Taher Effendi bin Mustafa Al-Husseini (1842-1908 AD) ) He held the position of Mufti of Jerusalem for more than forty years until his death, and the Al-Husseini family, according to historical sources, goes back to Al-Hussein bin Ali, the grandson of the Messenger of God, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him. ].

This family maintained the Fatwa Center in Al-Quds Al-Sharif from 1791 until 1937 AD, as well as holding administrative and religious positions, some of which were in the era of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, a legacy that confirmed that Amin Al-Husseini, who would become full of hearing and sight, was at the forefront of the men of his time in defending Palestine and its revolution against the occupations. The British and the Zionist were not separated from a continuous course of resistance, but rather relied on a long history of mutual trust between the Husseini family and all the people in Palestine.

Amin al-Husseini received his education in the schools of Jerusalem, and his cultural background varied, as he learned in Arab, Turkish and French schools, and memorized the Holy Qur’an as a young man at the age of nine. At the age of fourteen, his father decided to send him to Egypt educated at the Al-Azhar Mosque. The young Al-Maqdisi, he frequented the House of Call and Guidance founded by Sheikh Muhammad Rashid Rida, met him, and listened to him[2]. Rashid Rida was one of the clerics most concerned with the reality of the nation, and the political and social conditions of the peoples, and this was evident in his newspaper “Al-Manar”.

The influence of Sheikh Rashid Rida on his student Amin Al-Husseini was great (communication sites)

Al-Husseini was also able to enter the Egyptian University (Cairo University), which was open to all comers, so he attended lessons in the Faculty of Arts, listening to a new style of lesson, lecture and research that differs from the traditional lessons in Al-Azhar Mosque and the mosques of Palestine, but soon the First World War (1914-1918 AD), so Al-Husseini, imbued with what he had learned from his sheikh Rashid Rida, decided to head towards Istanbul and join the Military School for Reserve Officers, so he graduated as an officer in the Turkish Islamic Army in the Izmir and Black Sea region, an area inhabited by many Jews. He heard from them, He realized the seriousness of their goals from an early period towards Palestine, and even their biggest project from the Nile to the Euphrates to the Prophet's city [3].

Therefore, in contrast to his teacher Rashid Rida, who called for confronting Sultan Abdul Hamid and fighting the Ottoman rule based on non-consultation, Amin Al-Husseini had all appreciation and respect for Sultan Abdul Hamid[4] because of his position on the Palestinian cause and his defense of it, and his refusal to give up any inch to the Jews. Among them, al-Husayni deeply regretted the constitutional coup that took place against the sultan in 1908 AD and then removed him completely the following year.

Al-Husseini returned to Palestine in 1916 AD and decided to rise to educate the Palestinian people about what he saw and heard. He formed scientific, cultural and political societies and clubs, led by the Arab Club in 1918 AD. He took with his comrades political, national and social awareness, and military training within the Ottoman army battalions[5].


Chaim Weizmann, the Zionist leader and the first president of Israel, is considered the most famous figure after Theodor Herzl (Getty)

The activities of the Arab Club and the similar bodies on which Al-Husseini and his companions were founded affected the Jews and the leaders of the Zionist movement that were flocking to Palestine at the time. Organizing (terrorists) and secret institutions to carry out guerrilla warfare against the Jews in general.They are generally trying to create a very hostile spirit against us, and many of them joined the ranks of the “police” so that it would be easier for them to carry out their tasks, and many of them are very educated young men who studied in Europe, and some of them know the Jewish issue well.”[6]

Throughout those years, the Mufti of Jerusalem was Sheikh Kamel Al-Husseini, the older brother of Hajj Amin Al-Husseini, in keeping with the old custom that the Al-Hussaini family had taken the position of fatwa in Jerusalem, but the year 1921 witnessed the death of Sheikh Kamel, after which four people were nominated for the position, among whom were Muhammad Amin al-Husayni, who would later be known as Hajj Amin al-Husayni.

Indeed, Haj Amin was chosen to succeed his brother in the position of fatwa, and in the following year 1922 AD he was elected to head the Islamic Supreme Council for the Administration of Endowments Affairs and Sharia Courts.

In the years of his tenure in these positions, Al-Hussaini worked diligently, with perseverance, and remarkable activity, all of which were in the service of the Palestinian cause and confronting the conspiracies of the British and Zionist occupations. He has Palestine [7].

Haj Amin al-Husseini set out to mobilize the revolutionary spirit in the hearts of the people, and incited with a group of his companions the first Palestinian revolution against the Jewish settlement in April 1920 AD through what was known as the Banners Revolution, which coincided with the Jewish Passover Day, when Muslims came out with their banners (their flags) in This day, as usual, celebrates the day of the Prophet Moses, peace be upon him. Al-Husseini took advantage of the opportunity to gather people, so he addressed them, inflamed their enthusiasm, and Muslims and Jews clashed among themselves, and as a result of these clashes, five Jews and four Arabs were killed[8], as well as dozens of wounded on both sides. In addition to a number of British soldiers, an event that is also known as the uprising of the Prophet Musa.

On the impact of this incident, the British issued their decision to arrest Al-Husseini and those with him, but he was able to escape towards Transjordan, and he remained there until things calmed down, to return again to take the initiative again in the struggle against the Jews and the British, and the Jews were as usual heading to the Al-Buraq Wall from time to time During the past eras, Muslims allowed them to do so, until they started talking about their religious rights in this place in 1928 AD, and they brought their tools, curtains and seats with the aim of turning it into a place of their own, which prompted Muslims to anger and demonstrate, to send the Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin Al-Husseini to The British governor warns him against Jewish ambitions that will begin with Al-Buraq and end with Al-Aqsa Mosque and its possession. Al-Husseini did not stop at this point. He oversaw the establishment of a large Islamic conference from which decisions emerged, including that what the Jews practice at Al-Buraq is a gift from Muslims, and that this place is an Islamic endowment. It is absolute, and that the persistence of the Jews will lead the Muslims into a confrontation with themIn order to be deterred, the British, on their part, tried to lure Hajj Amin al-Husseini with money, so they offered him a bribe of half a million pounds, but he was proven and refused, and he was determined to move forward in the face of these Jewish schemes and British complicity [9].

Al-Buraq Revolution, or "the events of the Prophet Musa", one of the first Palestinian gifts in the modern history of Palestine (communication sites)

As a result of the repeated Jewish attempts to control the Al-Buraq Wall, Jews and Arabs entered into confrontations in the summer of the following year 1929 AD, which resulted in dozens of deaths and injuries between the two sides, and the British intervened for the second time to support the Jews, to arrest dozens of Palestinians, and imposed their unjust sentences that imposed the death penalty on three of them. .

The persistence of the Jews and the Zionist gangs did not stop at this point. The British allowed them to emigrate heavily between the years 1931 AD to 1936 AD, and the Zionist movements were active in buying Palestinian lands from the owners of their assets from outside the Palestinian territories, such as Lebanon and Syria. The documents of the Supreme Council show the great attention paid by Haj Amin Al-Husseini to the issue of preserving Arab rights and preventing their diversion to Jewish companies. Since 1920 AD, the Mufti Al-Husseini has confronted dozens of attempts to sell Arab lands to the Jews, and persuaded the owners to sell these lands to the Islamic Supreme Council and register them in the name of Endowments;

To serve the Muslims and the Palestinian cause instead of selling them to the Jews, and above that, he issued a fatwa that those selling these lands are outside Islam, and it is not permissible to pray over them or bury them in Muslim cemeteries[10].

Al-Husayni issued a fatwa that whoever sells his land to the Jews is outside Islam and it is not permissible to pray for him

Meanwhile, al-Husayni was keen to hold an annual conference attended by senior scholars and men of Palestine to introduce the latest Jewish and British conspiracies, and the desperate attempts of the people of Palestine to confront the Jewish influx and sell lands to them. Land a little or a lot, brokerage and assistance in selling, even with a word, and mediating in that, and even standing in a position of neutrality is a major betrayal of God, His Messenger and the believers... Selling alone is not betrayal, but silence about it is betrayal, so understand this fact”[11].

Sheikh Amin Al-Husseini’s strategy was based on resistance by word and fatwa represented by peaceful action, and maintaining his position in the service of the Palestinian cause to find paths to negotiate with the British whenever the crisis renewed and entered a dangerous turning point, and he was aware that the Palestinians are the weakest party in front of the large size of armaments of both the Zionist gangs and the British army on the Either way, however, the martyrdom of Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam in 1935 CE, the intensification of anger and clash, the Jewish immigration and the forced expulsion of Palestinian farmers from their homes and lands confirmed to Haj Amin al-Husseini that the clash is inevitably true, and that joining this revolution is something he should not be left behind.

Sheikh Izz al-Din al-Qassam, his martyrdom at the hands of the British in 1935 was a spark for the Palestinian revolution (communication sites)

Indeed, the armed revolution began in mid-April 1936, when a group of friends and brothers of Sheikh al-Qassam, led by Sheikh Farhan al-Saadi, attacked cars of Jews on the road linking Tulkarm and Jerusalem, as a result of which two Jews were killed. Then, incidents continued between Arabs and Jews in both Jaffa and Tel. Tel Aviv and all Palestinian cities joined the strike and revolution, and the military operations of the revolutionaries of Palestine also included the British forces that were providing support and cover for the Jews on the ground [12].

Hajj Amin Al-Husseini and members of the Arab Higher Committee (communication sites)

Sheikh Al-Husseini worked to exploit the events of the revolution, and went to Saudi Arabia and Syria and contacted Iraq and Transjordan to provide the necessary support to the Palestinian revolutionaries in their plight, as well as the formation of the Arab Committee under his leadership to supervise this great popular uprising, and the British tried to dissuade him from these efforts by all means through temptation first. They failed to do so, as he says in his memoirs:

And when they failed to influence me by means of temptation and promise, they acted with threats and intimidation, so the Director of British Military Intelligence sent me several oral messages with a few of his friends and mediators, the last of which was a message in which he said: The English, for the sake of their interests and the interest of the empire, do everything. They care about committing any action, so I advise you not to be stubborn, and to be gentle with yourself, your family, and those with you.”[13]

Palestinian fighters during the Great Arab Revolt (1936-1939 AD) (communication sites)

Meanwhile, Sheikh Amin al-Husseini called the German consul in Jerusalem, asking him to help him take a stand against Zionism, and in the midst of this revolution, the British announced the partition decision, which poured fuel on the fire again, and the revolutionaries killed the British governor of Galilee Andrews, who was taking Palestinian lands by force. And handing it over to the Jews, and as a result of this incident, the British authorities issued a decision illegitimating the Arab Higher Committee and exiled its members to Seychelles. To complete the leadership of the revolution from there, as it continued until 1939, when the Second World War broke out [14].

Haj Amin al-Husseini remained in Lebanon, which was under French occupation at the time, directing the Palestinian revolution, and supporting it with his pen, speeches, visits and directives. In 1939 AD, Britain pressured France to hand it over to Amin al-Husseini, but the man fled in hiding to Baghdad, and there he supported the Rashid Ali al-Kilani movement against the British occupation. And he confirmed his contact with the Germans who were in enmity with the British, and he saw that alliance with them is a political matter dictated by the nature of political conditions, and that the Germans were always allies of the Ottomans, especially at the time of Sultan Abdul Hamid, for this reason Haj Amin Al-Husseini demanded that Germany and the Axis countries recognize the independence of the lands. Arabic.

For their part, the Germans took advantage of this opportunity to ally themselves with the Arabs against the Allied countries, led by Britain, and responded with a letter to Sheikh Amin al-Husseini, in which he said: “Germany recognizes the full independence of the Arab countries and their right to do so. Germany is ready to cooperate with you to give you all it can military assistance.” and the material you need in your preparations for war against Britain in order to realize the aspirations of your people”[15].

Hajj Amin al-Husseini visited Rome and met Mussolini, with whom he entered into negotiations with the aim of supporting the Axis Powers for Arab independence and full sovereignty in all their countries, and for saving Palestine from the British-backed Jewish conspiracy. Mussolini accepted these demands and announced them already, and his statement stated: “Italy is ready to recognize Thus, it helps achieve the independence of the Arab countries.

Al-Husseini headed from Italy to Germany, which was able to meet the German Nazi leader Adolf Hitler on November 28, 1941 AD, and the two men had an interview that lasted for more than an hour, and the two sides agreed on the previous common goals where the Axis powers declare the independence of the Arab countries, and confront the Jewish project And from Berlin, Sheikh Al-Husseini called for Muslims to volunteer in the German army from prisoners from Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco in Europe along with the Arab volunteers, but Hitler refused to declare publicly for political and military considerations, and for fear of provoking the French force at the time as he headed for control of the Caucasus, and the Mufti promised that he The decisive opinion will be on Arab issues as the ultimate authority to speak in their name after Germany's victory and its defeat of Britain from the Middle East[16].


The historical interview between Hajj Amin al-Husseini and Hitler (communication sites)

Al-Husseini's impression of this interview was worrying, saying: "My interview with Hitler lasted for an hour and thirty-five minutes, and when I said goodbye and left, I was worried, because he did not see the issuance of an official statement for the Arabs in the present circumstances, fearing that this would cause a reaction in some other countries, which Germany does not want to provoke it now... Therefore, I did not feel comfortable at this point of his speech, although I was sure of his basic plan in terms of his determination to continue the struggle against world Zionism and its colonial supporters"[17].

A year later, Hajj Amin al-Husseini was able to extract a frank and public recognition from Hitler and Mussolini of their support for just Arab causes, and in that official speech: "Germany is ready to provide all it can help to the Arab countries in the Near East under the yoke of British oppression and to recognize its sovereignty and independence and agree to its unity.

However, the situation of the Axis forces in the reality of World War II at that time was heading towards weakness and defeat in particular, and Haj Amin al-Husseini realized that Germany would inevitably fall into the hands of the Allied forces, so he fled to Switzerland as a neutral country, but France was able to arrest him and put him under House arrest without being extradited to Britain, but Al-Husseini, as usual, managed to escape from France and headed this time to Cairo, where the situation in Palestine had reached boiling point and extreme danger.

In Cairo, Al-Husseini re-formed the Arab Higher Committee in 1946 by a decision supported by the Council of the League of Arab States, and worked to support Arab causes, with Palestine at the heart of it due to the inability of the pilgrim to return to Palestine. The following year, the United Nations issued its decision to divide Palestine into Arab and Jewish and make a city Jerusalem and Bethlehem are an area under international trusteeship. For their part, the Council of the Arab League met in Lebanon and the meeting decided to mobilize the Syrian, Lebanese, Iraqi and Egyptian governments part of their front on the borders of Palestine or close to it, in addition to providing weapons to the Palestinians. Al-Husseini suggested the formation of a Palestinian government in exile, but his proposal It was rejected by the Jordanian and Iraqi delegations[18].

The catastrophe of the twentieth century!

(communication Web-sites)

The British left Palestine on May 15, 1948, leaving all their weapons to be controlled by the Jewish Haganah gangs, and the armies of five Arab countries entered Palestine, and Amin Al-Husseini could see signs of fragmentation and cracking between these forces, and the lack of real unification of the ranks, as well as some unqualified leaders To lead the field, and the most dangerous thing is that these armies acquiesced after two months of the armistice decision, which gave the Jews the opportunity to rearm. Rather, the most severe was the conquest of these forces in the end by order of the British military commander Glob Pasha. The disaster occurred and the Jews were able to occupy most of the Palestinian cities and expelled tens of thousands of their homes and lands [19].

This catastrophe, the “Nakba,” was a reason for the Palestinians to take the initiative, and a Palestinian National Council was convened in Gaza on September 30, 1948 AD to choose a government for Palestine. Haj Amin al-Husseini, head of the Arab Higher Committee, was chosen as president of the Council, and in turn established the All-Palestine Government, to which Ahmed Helmy Pasha was appointed. As its prime minister, its first goal was to achieve independence for Palestine, but this government was fought by both Arab and international parties, and the Egyptian government intervened and arrested Sheikh Amin al-Husseini and some members of the commission and transferred them from Gaza to Cairo, where he was placed under house arrest[20].

Despite the outbreak of the July Revolution in Egypt in 1952 AD and Sheikh Al-Husseini’s liberation and his going on foreign tours to a number of countries around the world to introduce the Palestinian cause, these tours did not produce anything in moving the cause after it entered a more rough and unitary turn with the setback of 1967 AD, and Hajj Al-Husseini had moved to Lebanon at the time and remained there could not return to Palestine to spend the last days of his life in his homeland, and fates wanted him to die and be buried in Lebanon, after sixty years of struggle and jihad in all its forms and images for the just cause of Palestine.