Providing for the elderly and nurturing the young is a livelihood issue closely related to thousands of households.
As our country further enters an aging society, the "old-age care and education" is facing more realistic tests.
Before the National Two Sessions this year, China Youth Daily and China Youth Daily launched the 2021 "Young Voice @ National Two Sessions" network suggestion activity, sorting out the top ten hot topics for young people from 4,803 effective suggestions, and "old care" and "education for children" were listed Into it.
In the previous surveys of the youth of the two associations, the issue of old-age care has been ranked first among the topics of concern to the youth.
Regarding the issue of "one old, one small", this year's government work report and the "14th Five-Year Plan" proposal have responded, and a series of targeted arrangements and plans have been made.
Premier Li Keqiang of the State Council stated that during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, it is necessary to implement a national strategy to actively respond to the aging of the population, improve the population service system with the focus on "one old and one small", promote the realization of a moderate birth rate, and gradually delay the legal retirement age.
“On the one hand, my country’s aging population is large, fast, and regionally unbalanced. On the other hand, the fertility rate has fallen below the warning line.” Zheng Zheng, deputy to the National People’s Congress and president of the China Labor and Social Security Society, continues to pay attention to the issue of “one old and one small” The success story tells the current demographic imbalance in our country-the aging population and the declining birthrate and aging population.
He said that the current trend of population changes has a comprehensive, profound and lasting impact on national development. "The 14th Five-Year Plan period is an important window period for optimizing the current institutional arrangements, and efforts should be made to resolve institutional deficiencies, make up for shortcomings, and coordinate. Promote related supporting reforms."
Two digital curves with diametrically opposite trends: an aging population and an aging population with few births
Zheng Gongcheng used two digital curves with diametrically opposite trends to show the changing trend of my country's population aging and declining birthrate and aging population.
One curve is the rising trend of aging: in 2022, the proportion of the elderly over 60 years old in my country will exceed 20%, which means that the degree of aging has stepped from mild to moderate, and thereafter it will irreversibly move towards deep aging.
In the same period, the number of newly retired people will exceed 40 million.
The elderly population over 80 years old is increasing at a rate of over 1 million per year.
It is estimated that by 2050, there will be 120 million people over the age of 80, of which at least 24 million elderly people will suffer from dementia.
Another downward curve is the fertility rate of young people.
Due to the low willingness of the right-age population to have children, my country's total fertility rate has fallen below the warning line. The proportion of the population under the age of 14 in the total population has dropped from 33.6% in 1982 to 16.8% in 2019, and the average household population is less than 3 people.
It can be seen that in the future, my country’s pension, medical, and nursing insurance fund payment pressure will continue to increase, and the demand for social pension services, especially nursing services, will continue to rise. How to ensure the steady development of relevant systems and provide hundreds of millions of elderly people with money? Quality elderly care services will be a major challenge for social security in the new development stage.
"The insufficient supply of'one old and one small' service is a common concern." Zheng Gongcheng said. On the one hand, the quality of life of the elderly declines with age or physical disability, and on the other hand, the cost of childcare remains high. These will inevitably become the family's concern. The heavy burden, in turn, directly restricts the improvement of people's livelihood and the balanced growth of the population, and also has an adverse impact on economic and social development.
Zheng Gongcheng noted that the government work report and the "14th Five-Year Plan" have responded to the people's worries, and the shortcomings in the development of elderly care services and child welfare will be made up in time in the next five years.
Premier Li Keqiang said that this year we will start to steadily advance the pilot long-term care insurance system and develop diverse services such as community elderly care, childcare, dining, and cleaning, so that the elderly and other groups can receive more comprehensive and caring services and make community life more convenient.
Further increase the rate of preschool education enrollment, improve the inclusive preschool education guarantee mechanism, and support social forces to run kindergartens.
"The people's worries about the future are alleviated, and the sense of gain, happiness, and security will be significantly improved, which will produce a comprehensive effect of boosting consumption, promoting employment, and helping economic development." Zheng Gongcheng said.
Elderly care services need to be more accurate and cover wider
Uncle Li, 92, from Heping District, Tianjin, has not taken a bath for more than a year. Because of his disability in his right leg and his age, bathing has become a problem.
Last year, the district's civil affairs department innovated the elderly care service model. The government came forward to purchase elderly care services for the elderly and provided subsidies. Uncle Li only spent 30 yuan to obtain bathing services.
Wang Ying, director of the Civil Affairs Bureau of Heping District, Tianjin, told reporters that at present, more than 95% of the elderly choose to live at home.
However, community home care services have been difficult to benefit most elderly people because of the relatively single content of existing services, high management and service costs, lack of long-term mechanisms, and relatively weak government binding.
Ten years ago, Heping District took the lead in setting up a home care emergency call service center in the country, including widows and widows over 60, the elderly, disabled, empty nests, and special elderly groups who have lost their independence into the government’s guarantees, and implement "One Click to Talk". Emergency call, 24 hours remote supervision and care.
Nowadays, the demand for various services of the elderly is increasing rapidly. "Many ordinary elderly also want to receive services." Heping District has innovated the "smart + platform" elderly care service model and adopted the government-purchased service model, which has greatly improved the coverage and specialization of elderly care services. "The government is no longer an athlete, but a supervisor, responsible for proposing project requirements and supervising project implementation."
Zheng Gongcheng said that better elderly care services must be more accurate and effective, and cover more people.
He called for a nationwide expansion of elderly care services from widowed elderly to retirees and elderly residents, and the establishment of a basic elderly care service system so that elderly people in need can generally enjoy basic public services.
He proposed to change the past policy of enjoying treatment based solely on age, adopt age-based and disability as the main basis, meet the needs of those in real need, develop elderly care services by categories and levels, and eliminate “one size fits all”. ”And the phenomenon of “flooding flooding”.
Liu Qingfeng, a representative of the National People's Congress and chairman of iFLYTEK, pays more attention to the government work report. The promotion of intelligent services must meet the needs of the elderly and ensure that smart tools do not cause obstacles to the daily lives of the elderly.
"This shows that during the '14th Five-Year Plan' period, efforts should be made to solve the digital survival problem of the elderly, so that'Happy China' can cover every group."
Currently, elderly people generally make calls, but they are trapped by various complicated apps.
According to this, Liu Qingfeng proposed that the 12345 government service hotline can be used as the portal entrance, and the elderly can dial the government service hotline, and the machine can automatically identify their needs and call the corresponding services. "It can realize public services and services for the elderly with the assistance of artificial intelligence. Full coverage of social service needs.” Liu Qingfeng suggested integrating local government service hotlines, using artificial intelligence technology to open up various service apps, building smart hotlines and artificial seats specifically for the service needs of the elderly, and formulating relevant standards and norms to help the elderly People can enjoy convenient services and social services based on mobile Internet more conveniently.
Alleviate the worries of young parents of parenting
Childhood education is a top priority for many young people.
NPC deputy Zhou Hongyu said that for the first time in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, it was proposed for the first time that new progress should be made in the education of children.
Early childhood education refers to the care and education of preschool children aged 0-6, including preschool education for children aged 3-6 and childcare services for infants and young children aged 0-3.
In this regard, Zhou Hongyu suggested that the pre-school education public welfare inclusive project should be launched.
The construction of inclusive kindergartens should be incorporated into the unified planning of urban and rural public management and public service facilities, and a public service system for preschool education covering urban and rural areas, reasonable layout, and inclusive of public welfare should be established.
Zhou Hongyu said that efforts should be made to ensure the right of all school-age children to receive education, and to encourage and support neighborhoods, village collectives, powerful state-owned enterprises and institutions, and ordinary colleges and universities to establish public parks.
Difficulty in childcare for 0-3 years old is a headache for many young parents.
Zhou Hongyu believes that it is necessary to establish a 0-3 year old childcare service system, clarify government functions, explore public demonstration institutions, market childcare institutions, kindergarten development institutions, community service institutions, family neighbors and other methods to provide diversified childcare services. , To expand service coverage as soon as possible.
Encourage and guide social forces to participate in nursery education services, and give play to the guiding and underpinning role of financial investment in nursery education.
In addition, it is necessary to fully protect the rights of disadvantaged groups in pre-school education, pay attention to the development needs of special groups such as children of migrant workers in cities, improve the quality of kindergarten care, and strive to provide rich, diverse, personalized and suitable education for the growth of children.
Zhao Wanping, deputy dean of the National People's Congress and deputy dean of the Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, is concerned about the problem of the preschool teacher team.
In his research, he found that with the rapid progress of urbanization in various regions and the implementation of the "comprehensive two-child" policy, the preschool population has rapidly increased. Under the condition of the total number of teachers, the teacher-student ratio has gradually become imbalanced, and the structure of teachers has become The problem of temporary lack of staff is more common, the zero-growth limit of staffing does not correspond to the actual situation of the natural growth of the school-age population, and the staffing standard is out of line with the actual needs of education.
"Nationwide, the problem of no staff in kindergarten teachers and lack of staff in primary and secondary schools is common. Schools can only rely on non-staff teachers to solve the problem of insufficient teachers." Zhao Wanping pointed out that the rigid contradiction of teacher staff has become a constraint on kindergarten teachers in primary and secondary schools Team building and high-quality development of basic education are bottlenecks.
He believes that to ensure high-quality preschool education, there must be an excellent team of kindergarten teachers, and it is recommended that the establishment of kindergarten teachers should be separately accounted for to stabilize the team of kindergarten teachers and improve the overall quality of the group of kindergarten teachers.
Scientifically and rationally adjust the total number and structure of teacher staffing regularly, keep abreast of regional population changes, establish a dynamic verification mechanism for teacher staffing based on the school-age population with residence permits, and take the permanent population as the base to incorporate compulsory education for children with migrants into the local area. Educational development plan.
In addition, increase the investment of government financial education funds at all levels to effectively guarantee the "equal pay for equal work" of non-staff teachers and teachers on staff.
How to effectively relieve the worries of urban and rural residents of parenting?
Zheng Gongcheng suggested that a basic child service system should be established to give children equal access to the statutory rights and interests of childcare services in their usual place of residence; in terms of health protection, including child immunization, physical examination, health services, etc., a full free or reduced free policy should be implemented.
To establish a child allowance system, funded by government finances, and provide cash subsidies to infants and young children, "the key is to send a policy signal to encourage childbirth."
China Youth Daily · China Youth Daily reporter Hu Chunyan Source: China Youth Daily