Chinanews.com, January 7th. The website of the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention released the "New Crown Vaccination Questions and Answers" on the 7th.

It is mentioned in the question and answer that you should continue to wear a mask after vaccination; it is recommended to use the same type of vaccine from the same manufacturer to complete the vaccination at this stage; the second dose of inactivated vaccine can produce a better immune effect about two weeks; for new coronary pneumonia For confirmed cases and asymptomatic infections, it is not recommended to receive the new coronavirus vaccine at this time; the vaccinators do not need to test for the presence of antibodies before vaccination.

On January 7, at the First People's Hospital of Xining City, Qinghai Province, a nurse prepares to inject new coronavirus vaccines for vaccinators.

Photo by China News Agency reporter Ma Mingyan

  The specific questions and answers are as follows:

1. At this stage, who are the key populations for new coronavirus vaccination?

  The situation of the new crown epidemic in my country is different from that of foreign countries, and the vaccine use strategy is also different.

The main strategy of new coronavirus vaccination needs to be considered in conjunction with the domestic epidemic situation and the goals of prevention and control.

At present, the significance of vaccinating key populations is to protect this part of the population on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is conducive to "preventing foreign imports and preventing internal rebounds" and is conducive to the overall prevention and control of the epidemic in my country.

  At this stage, the key populations of new crown virus vaccination mainly include those who are engaged in import cold chain, port quarantine, ship piloting, aviation air service, fresh market, public transportation, medical disease control and other industries with relatively high risk of infection; going to medium-high-risk countries or Regional work, study and other personnel.

2. Is it necessary to inoculate the new coronavirus vaccine?

  necessary.

On the one hand, almost everyone in our country has no immunity against the new coronavirus and is susceptible to the new coronavirus. After the infection occurs, some people will develop critical illness and even cause death.

After vaccination, on the one hand, the vast majority of people can gain immunity; on the other hand, through orderly inoculation of the new coronavirus vaccine, an immune barrier can be gradually established among the population to block the epidemic of new coronary pneumonia.

3. How and where to get the new coronavirus vaccine?

  The vaccinations of the new coronavirus vaccine are all carried out in the inoculation unit approved by the local health administration department.

Normally, the vaccination unit is located in the health service center, township health center or general hospital in the jurisdiction.

If the vaccination involves some departments or enterprises where the key objects are relatively concentrated, some temporary vaccination units will also be set up locally according to the situation.

  The health administrative department or disease prevention and control agency of the jurisdiction will also announce the vaccination units that can be vaccinated against the new crown virus as required, including the location and service hours. Please pay attention to the relevant information release platform.

  For most key populations, the unit where the key populations are located will organize surveys, make appointments, and assist in carrying out the vaccination work.

For individuals who go to work or study in high-risk countries or regions, they can pay attention to the relevant service information of local new crown virus vaccination.

4. What are the contraindications for vaccination?

  Contraindications for vaccination refer to situations where vaccination should not be made.

Because most contraindications are temporary, the vaccine can be vaccinated at a later time when the condition that caused the contraindication no longer exists.

  Before the new coronavirus vaccination plan and vaccination guidelines are specifically stipulated, the contraindications of the new coronavirus vaccine vaccination shall be implemented in accordance with the vaccine instructions.

The usual contraindications for vaccination include: 1. Those who are allergic to vaccines or vaccine components; 2. Those who suffer from acute diseases; 3. Those who are in the acute onset of chronic diseases; 4. Those who are feverish; 5. Women who are pregnant.

5. How to discover and grasp the contraindications of vaccination?

  During the operation, if a severe allergic reaction occurs during the first dose of the vaccine, and it cannot be ruled out that it is caused by the vaccine, the second dose is not recommended.

To understand the ingredients of the vaccine, people who have a previous allergy to the ingredients of the vaccine cannot be vaccinated.

  During vaccination, the vaccination doctor should carefully ask the recipient's health status and past allergies.

Recipients should truthfully report their health status, disease history, and history of allergies to the vaccination doctor.

Vaccine contraindications should be included in the informed consent form.

6. Do I need to wear a mask after being vaccinated against the new coronavirus?

  Before the population immune barrier is established, even if some people are vaccinated, everyone's awareness of prevention and control and prevention and control measures cannot be relaxed.

On the one hand, the vaccine immunization success rate is not 100%, and a small number of people who have been vaccinated may become ill during the epidemic.

On the other hand, in the absence of an immune barrier, the new coronavirus is still easy to spread.

Therefore, you should continue to wear masks after vaccination, especially in public places and crowded places; other protective measures such as hand hygiene, ventilation, and social distancing also need to be maintained.

7. How to form herd immunity among people through vaccination?

  The infectivity of different infectious diseases is different, and the level of immunity of people who block the epidemic of infectious diseases is also different.

Generally speaking, the stronger the infectious power of an infectious disease, the higher the immunity of the population is required.

For example, measles and pertussis are highly contagious. If they are to be blocked, the population’s immunity must reach 90%-95%. To eliminate smallpox and poliomyelitis, the population’s immunity must reach more than 80%.

When the population's immunity reaches the above threshold, an immune barrier is established to block the spread of measles, whooping cough, smallpox and polio.

  The immunity of the population is proportional to the protective efficacy of the vaccine and the vaccination rate.

Therefore, to achieve sufficient population immunity, it is necessary to have a sufficiently high vaccination rate, which means that most people are vaccinated.

Conversely, if there are more people who do not vaccinate or most people are unwilling to vaccinate, a strong immune barrier will not be formed, and the spread of diseases will easily occur when there is a source of infection.

8. Does the new coronavirus vaccine require a cold chain?

How to ensure that the new coronavirus vaccine is safe and effective during transportation and storage?

  A vaccine is a biological product.

To ensure the quality of biological products, it must be stored and transported under the specified cold chain.

The new coronavirus vaccine should do the same.

The "Vaccine Management Law", "Vaccine Storage and Transportation Management Regulations" and "Vaccination Work Regulations" all have specific regulations on the cold chain requirements for vaccine storage and transportation.

  When the vaccine is being transported, the vaccine transportation company shall regularly monitor and record the temperature during the transportation process to ensure that the vaccine is in the specified temperature environment.

When the vaccine is received, the receiving unit shall request and check the temperature monitoring record during the transportation.

  During the vaccine storage process, the disease control agency and vaccination unit use thermometers or automatic temperature recorders to monitor the temperature of the refrigerator storing the vaccine, and measure the temperature once a day in the morning and afternoon (at an interval of not less than 6 hours), and fill in the cold chain equipment Temperature record table.

  During the use of the vaccine, the vaccination unit uses refrigerators and cold boxes (bags) to store the vaccines. When storing and taking vaccines, they should close the doors/covers of the refrigerators and cold boxes (bags) in time, and minimize the number of times the cold storage equipment is opened.

  All relevant units must strictly abide by the above-mentioned specifications in each link, so that the vaccine can be in the cold chain state of the whole process and the quality of the vaccine can be guaranteed.

9. What is the suspected abnormal response to vaccination?

What situations are included?

  Suspected vaccination abnormal reaction (AEFI) refers to the reaction or event suspected to be related to vaccination after vaccination, also known as suspected vaccine adverse reaction.

Including the following situations: adverse reactions of vaccines, reactions related to vaccine quality problems, reactions related to vaccination errors, psychogenic reactions, and coupling disorders (coupling reactions).

10. What is an adverse vaccine reaction?

  Adverse vaccine reactions refer to reactions that are not related to the purpose of vaccination or accidents caused by the characteristics of the vaccine itself, and are related to individual differences in the recipient.

Vaccine adverse reactions include general reactions and abnormal reactions.

General reactions mainly refer to transient and mild body reactions in the recipient, such as local reactions such as redness, swelling, induration, and pain at the inoculation site, and systemic reactions such as fever, fatigue, and headache.

Abnormal reactions mainly refer to related reactions that cause damage to the recipient's organs or functions, which occur rarely, such as acute severe allergic reactions.

11. What is psychogenic response?

  Psychogenic reaction refers to the reaction that occurs due to the psychological factors of the recipient after vaccination, which is mainly caused by psychological pressure and anxiety during vaccination, without organic damage, and has nothing to do with the vaccine.

Some are "fainting"-like manifestations, and some are "hysteria"-like manifestations.

Group psychogenic reactions can occur during group vaccination activities.

12. What is the coincidence reaction?

  Coupling disease (coupling reaction) means that during the vaccination process, the recipient happens to be in the incubation period or the early stage of the onset of a disease, and the onset happens by coincidence after vaccination.

Therefore, the coupling disease (coupling reaction) is not caused by vaccination, has nothing to do with the vaccine, nor is it an adverse reaction after vaccination.

Coincident diseases after vaccination sometimes cannot be judged immediately and need to be reported in a timely manner. It also requires investigation by disease control and other institutions and a diagnosis by an investigation and diagnosis expert group.

13. What circumstances are not an abnormal response to vaccination?

  Abnormal response to preventive vaccination refers to an adverse drug reaction in which qualified vaccines cause damage to the tissues, organs, and functions of the recipient during or after the implementation of standardized vaccination, and no related parties are at fault.

The following situations do not belong to abnormal vaccination reactions: general reactions, vaccine quality accidents, vaccination accidents, coupling disorders (coupling reactions), and psychogenic reactions.

14. How is the surveillance of suspected abnormal response to vaccination carried out in China?

  "Vaccine Management Law", "National Suspected Vaccination Abnormal Reaction Monitoring Program", "Vaccination Abnormal Reaction Identification Method" and other laws and regulations have clear regulations on the monitoring and reporting of suspected abnormal vaccination reactions (suspected adverse vaccine reactions).

  The specific measures include clarifying the responsible reporting unit, responsible reporter, the content of the report, and the time limit of the report, stipulating the suspected vaccine adverse reaction standards that need to be investigated, and the diagnosis of abnormal reactions needs to be completed by the investigation and diagnosis expert team, and the identification needs to be done by the province or city. Level medical society to complete.

The monitoring of suspected vaccine adverse reactions is achieved through the monitoring information system established by the China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the disease control institutions and the adverse drug reaction monitoring institutions realize information sharing.

Disease control agencies and adverse drug reaction monitoring agencies at all levels will also regularly analyze and evaluate the monitored information.

If a major event is encountered, timely analysis and evaluation will be conducted.

  The systematic and standardized monitoring of adverse vaccine reactions in my country started in 2005.

With the development and deepening of work, the level of vaccine adverse reaction monitoring has been greatly improved.

In 2011 and 2014, respectively, through the World Health Organization (WHO) assessment of the capacity of the adverse reaction monitoring part of my country's national vaccine regulatory system, the monitoring indicators of vaccine adverse reactions met or exceeded WHO evaluation standards.

15. How durable is the protection of the new coronavirus vaccine currently used in my country?

  New coronavirus vaccines are newly developed and put into use. Continuous monitoring and related research after large-scale vaccination are required to accumulate more scientific evidence and evaluate the protection durability of new coronavirus vaccines.

16. Can new coronavirus vaccines from different manufacturers be used instead of vaccination?

  There is no evidence that different manufacturers or different types of new coronavirus vaccines can replace vaccination.

It is recommended to use the same type of vaccine from the same manufacturer to complete vaccination at this stage.

17. What should I pay attention to during the new coronavirus vaccination process?

  During the vaccination process, the recipient should pay attention to and cooperate with the following matters:

  Before vaccination, you should understand the new crown disease, new crown virus vaccine related knowledge and vaccination process in advance.

  When vaccination, you need to bring relevant documents (identity card, passport, etc.), take personal protection according to local prevention and control requirements, cooperate with on-site vaccination staff to inquire, and truthfully provide information about your health status and vaccination contraindications.

  After vaccination, stay for 30 minutes; keep the skin of the vaccination area clean and avoid scratching the vaccination site with your hands; if there is a suspected adverse reaction, report to the vaccination unit and seek medical attention when necessary.

18. Why should I stay for half an hour after vaccination?

  After vaccination, a very small number of people may experience acute allergic reactions and syncope.

Severe life-threatening acute allergic reactions usually occur within 30 minutes after vaccination.

If an acute allergic reaction occurs, timely treatment measures can be taken at the scene.

Syncope also mostly occurs within half an hour after vaccination. If you leave the observation site immediately after vaccination, it may cause accidental harm to the recipient due to syncope.

Therefore, the recipient needs to stay in the designated area of ​​the vaccination unit for half an hour after vaccination.

19. How does the new coronavirus vaccine work in the human body?

  After vaccination, the human body will produce protective antibodies, and some vaccines will also make the body produce cellular immunity and form corresponding immune memory.

In this way, the human body has immunity against diseases.

Once the new coronavirus invades the human body, the antibodies produced by the vaccine and the cytokines released by cellular immunity can recognize, neutralize or kill the virus, and immune memory also quickly mobilizes the immune system to function, preventing the virus from continuing to multiply in the body, thereby To achieve the purpose of disease prevention.

20. After vaccination, how long does it take to produce antibodies against the new coronavirus?

  According to previous clinical trials of inactivated vaccines for the new coronavirus, about two weeks after the second dose of inactivated vaccines, the vaccinated population can have a better immune effect.

21. After the new coronavirus has mutated, will the new coronavirus vaccine still work?

  Viruses are one of the simplest organisms, and their proliferation depends on living cells.

In the process of multiplication, the virus will mutate.

Judging from the global monitoring of the mutation of the new coronavirus, there is currently no evidence that the virus mutation will invalidate the existing new coronavirus vaccine.

However, the World Health Organization, national research institutions, vaccine manufacturers, etc. are closely monitoring the mutation of the new coronavirus and are also carrying out related research, which will provide early warning and scientific analysis basis for subsequent vaccine development and application.

22. If ordinary people are willing to be vaccinated against the new coronavirus, can they sign up for vaccination?

  my country's current vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan, and the first step is to inoculate key populations.

In the second step, as vaccines are approved for marketing and the production of vaccines gradually increases, more vaccines will be put into use.

By carrying out vaccination in an orderly manner, eligible members of the public can achieve "everything should be done", gradually building an immune barrier among the population, and controlling the epidemic of new coronary pneumonia in the country.

23. What kind of protective measures need to be taken for people who are not included in the key population and who have not been vaccinated against the new coronavirus?

  my country's current vaccination strategy is to follow the "two-step" plan. The first step is the vaccination of key groups, and the second step is the vaccination of other groups.

In the prevention and control of the new crown epidemic, the non-vaccine prevention and control measures that my country has implemented are very effective.

For the public, although there may not be vaccinations for the time being, there are still many effective prevention and control measures, such as wearing masks, maintaining social distancing, washing hands frequently, and ventilating.

24. What are the common adverse reactions of new coronavirus vaccination?

  From the results of preliminary clinical trials of the new coronavirus vaccine and the information collected during emergency use, the occurrence of common adverse reactions of the new coronavirus vaccine is basically similar to that of other vaccines that have been widely used.

Common adverse reactions mainly include redness, swelling, induration, and pain at the site of inoculation, as well as clinical manifestations such as fever, fatigue, nausea, headache, and muscle aches.

25. What factors may affect the effectiveness of the new coronavirus vaccine?

  Under normal circumstances, factors such as pathogens, characteristics of the vaccine, and the status of the recipients affect the effectiveness of vaccine vaccination.

In the process of vaccine development and use, in order to ensure the effect of vaccination, the above-mentioned influencing factors are all within the scope of consideration.

The new coronavirus vaccine is a brand new vaccine, and the influence of related factors on its effect needs further observation and research.

26. Do I still need to be vaccinated against the new coronavirus if I have been infected with the new coronavirus?

  For most infectious diseases, the human body will develop a certain degree of immunity after being infected with pathogens. This part of the population is usually not the target of vaccination, such as smallpox, measles, rubella, chickenpox and other diseases are no longer the target of vaccination.

At present, although there have been reports of secondary infections in people who have been infected with the new coronavirus, the problem is still a case and has not generally appeared, and more follow-up studies are still needed to reach a conclusion.

For confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia and asymptomatic infections known before vaccination, it is not recommended to receive the new coronavirus vaccine; for those who have not been clearly infected with the new crown virus or have suffered from the new crown pneumonia, those who meet the vaccination requirements can be vaccinated.

27. Will our prevention and control measures be adjusted after the vaccination starts?

  For individuals, the protective effect of vaccination is not 100%, and it takes a certain time to produce protective antibodies; for groups, the new coronavirus is still easy to spread without forming an immune barrier.

Therefore, to prevent the new crown pneumonia epidemic from rebounding, other prevention and control measures must be adhered to at this stage, including protective measures such as wearing masks, maintaining social distancing, washing hands frequently, and ventilation.

28. How to trace the whole process of the new coronavirus vaccine?

  The "Vaccine Management Law" requires the country to implement an electronic traceability system for the entire vaccine process.

After the vaccine is on the market, there should be accurate and standardized records in all aspects of production, transportation, storage and use, etc. The information recorded throughout the traceability includes vaccine varieties, vaccine manufacturers, dosage forms, specifications, batch numbers, expiration dates, and vaccination case information Etc., areas that realize informatization management will be entered into the electronic information system in a timely manner, and the above information will be traced back to the entire process of vaccine circulation and use through electronic information systems and other methods.

29. Do I need to test for antibodies before deciding whether to vaccinate against the new coronavirus?

  The production of specific antibodies in the human body is generally obtained through natural infection or vaccination.

At present, it is not completely clear what level of antibody needs to be able to prevent new coronary pneumonia.

It is recommended that as long as there is no clear infection of the new crown virus or the new crown pneumonia, anyone who meets the vaccination requirements can be vaccinated, and there is no need to test for the presence of antibodies before vaccination.

30. Will the new coronavirus vaccine be vaccinated every year like the flu vaccine?

  Under normal circumstances, factors such as pathogens, characteristics of the vaccine, and the status of the recipients affect the effectiveness of vaccine vaccination.

Influenza viruses mutate faster and the protection period of influenza vaccines is short, so it needs to be vaccinated every year.

Although the new coronavirus has also undergone a certain degree of mutation, according to the information currently released on the World Health Organization website, it is shown that there is no evidence that the existing new coronavirus vaccine has failed in response to the mutation of the new coronavirus that has emerged in countries such as the United Kingdom and South Africa. .

Whether the new coronavirus vaccine will be vaccinated every year like the flu vaccine, it is necessary to continue to conduct research on the impact of virus mutation on the vaccination effect and the durability of vaccine protection.