Black holes swallow half of this year's Nobel Prize in Physics

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020 to the British scientist Roger Penrose "for his discovery that the formation of the black hole is a strong prediction of the general theory of relativity," while the other half of it was awarded to the German Reinhard Gintzel, a partnership with the American Andrea Geese, about their discovery of a massive, powerful particle. Density at the center of our galaxy.

With the participation of the American scientist Andrea Geese, a researcher at the University of California, Los Angeles, for half of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the year 2020, she becomes the fourth woman to receive the award.

"I feel very excited and excited to be the fourth woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics, and that I bear a great responsibility for that, and I hope that I can inspire young girls to get involved in this field, because it is full of fun," said Geez, in a phone call with the young girls to get involved in this field. Passionate about science, there is much more that can be achieved. "

The history of a black hole

Black holes have been just the imagination and curiosity of mathematicians for a long time.In a paper published in November 1784, the English astronomer and cleric John Michel proposed - for the first time in history - his conception of the existence of an object so massive that it would not allow light to escape from it.

Michel concluded that such an object would form when the diameter of the star exceeds the diameter of the sun by 500 times, and his calculations assumed that such an object might have the same density of the sun, and that these super-sized objects could be detected through their gravitational effects on nearby visible objects.

This concept prevailed until General Relativity predicts that a mass compressed to a certain extent could deform "space-time" to form a black hole.

During the 1960s, theoretical work showed general relativity prediction of holes, and the discovery of neutron stars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967 sparked interest in gravitational compact particles as a possible astrophysical reality.

On February 11, 2016, the LEGO Observatory Alliance announced the first direct detection of gravitational waves, and as of December 2018, it had found 11 gravitational waves that arose from the merger of 10 black holes and one gravitational wave produced by the merger of a binary neutron star.

On April 10, 2019, the first-ever image of a black hole and its vicinity was published, following readings by the 2017 event horizon telescope of the supermassive black hole in the galactic center Messier 87.

Roger Penrose asserted that black hole formation is a strong prediction of the general theory of relativity (Al Jazeera).

Penrose and black holes

These three winners are sharing this year's Nobel Prize in Physics for their discoveries about one of the most bizarre phenomena in the universe, black holes.

Roger Penrose is a British mathematical physicist and professor at Oxford University.

He is the holder of the Rose Bowl Chair in Mathematics at Oxford University;

And Penrose showed that the general theory of relativity leads to the formation of black holes.

In January 1965, 10 years after Albert Einstein's death, Roger Penrose proved that black holes can be formed and described in detail, and the black holes at their core conceal a singularity in which all known laws of nature cease.

His groundbreaking article remains the most important contribution to general relativity since Einstein.

Roger Penrose used ingenious mathematical methods to prove that black holes are a direct result of Einstein's theory of general relativity, while Einstein himself did not believe that black holes really exist.

The prize committee said in its statement that "Penrose revealed that the theory of general relativity leads its expectations to the formation of a black hole, as he used innovative mathematical methods to prove that black holes are a direct result of Einstein's theory, which he did not believe in their existence."

But 10 years after his death - according to the commission's statement - Penrose proved that black holes can actually form.

His contributions to this field are even the most important in terms of general relativity after Einstein.

Sagittarius A * region, next to it are two bright spots of two recent explosions in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy, containing a super-massive black hole (Serendipods - Wikipedia)

Genzel and Guise Research

As for Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Geese, they discovered that a heavy, dense, invisible object controls the orbits of stars in the center of our galaxy.

Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Geese lead a group of astronomers who have focused since the early 1990s on an area called Sagittarius A * at the center of our galaxy.

Since 1995, astronomers have tracked the motions of 90 stars orbiting an invisible object coinciding with the "A *" radio source.

The appropriate movements of the stars near the center of the Milky Way provide strong evidence that these stars orbit around a supermassive black hole, and the orbits of the brightest stars closest to the middle of the Milky Way have been mapped with increasing accuracy, and the measurements of these two groups are consistent with finding an extremely heavy and invisible object that pulls the mixture of stars. , Which makes her rush at an amazing speed.

Using the largest telescopes in the world, Genzel and Geese developed ways to see through huge clouds of interstellar dust and dust in the center of the Milky Way.

Expanding the frontiers of technology, they refine new techniques to compensate for distortions caused by Earth's atmosphere, build unique tools and commit to long-term research, and their pioneering work has given us the most compelling evidence yet of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.

"The discoveries of this year’s winners have opened new vistas in the study of compact and supermassive objects. But these strange things still pose many questions that require answers and stimulate future research," said Nobel Physics Committee Chairman David Haviland.

"It is not just questions about its internal structure, but also questions about how to test our gravitational theory under extreme conditions in the immediate vicinity of a black hole," he added.