Several ICC employees are blacklisted by the United States in protest against the court investigating suspected American war crimes.
In addition to Chief Prosecutor Fatou Bensouda, a division chief at the ICC who contributed to the investigation is also blacklisted.
Employees or organizations assisting both in their work are also at risk of sanctions, the USA announces.
The sanctions include travel bans and the possibility of freezing financial assets.
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said on Wednesday that even more people and institutions could risk sanctions if they contribute to the ICC investigation.
- Today we take the next step, because the ICC unfortunately continues to target Americans, says Pompeo.
The US announcement comes after Bensouda was given the task last spring to investigate whether war crimes were committed in Afghanistan by the Taliban, the Afghan military or US forces.
"A serious attack"
The ICC condemns the US decision and describes it as an attempt to influence the independence of the court.
"These coercive measures, aimed at an international judicial institution and its officials, are unparalleled and constitute a serious attack on the court, the Rome Statute system of international criminal law and the rule of law in general," the ICC said in a statement.
Stéphane Dujarric, spokesman for UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, said the Secretary-General was concerned about the US decision.
Several human rights groups oppose the decision.
Richard Dicker, head of international justice at Human Rights Watch, calls it an "astonishing perversion of US sanctions."
"The Trump administration has distorted the sanction tool to prevent the course of justice, not only for individual victims of war crimes, but also for victims of abuse around the world who turn to the International Criminal Court for justice," said Richard Dicker.
Not a member
The threat of sanctions has existed since last spring, when the ICC announced investigations into US war crimes.
In June, President Donald Trump approved new sanctions against people linked to the ICC.
The United States, like a number of other countries including Russia and China, is not a member of the ICC, and believes that the country has its own procedures for dealing with accusations against its own military.