After the occurrence of floods, various infectious diseases are prone to occur, especially intestinal infectious diseases, insect vectors and natural foci infectious diseases. It is very important to do a good job in prevention and control.

●Intestinal infectious diseases

  Intestinal infectious diseases are diseases in which pathogens invade the intestines orally and cause diarrhea and/or other organs and systemic infections. Common intestinal infectious diseases in the disaster area mainly include bacillary dysentery, cholera, typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever, and other bacteria such as Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Campylobacter jejuni, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Yersinia and other bacteria. Sexual infectious diarrhea, viral diarrhea, and parasitic diarrhea (cryptosporidium, etc.). Other intestinal infectious diseases also include hepatitis A, hepatitis E, hand, foot and mouth disease and so on.

cholera

  Do not eat raw sea (aquatic) products. The processing and storage containers for sea (aquatic) products should be separated from raw and cooked, and eat after cooking. Seafood cleaning personnel should thoroughly wash their hands before touching food and tableware; do not drink raw water, only boiled water Qualified bottled water; avoid large gatherings and eating leftovers; do not urinate anywhere, let alone urinate in wells and rivers; seek medical attention immediately if painless diarrhea and vomiting occur; grounds, containers, and containers contaminated by feces and vomit Toilets, faucets, clothing and bedding should be cleaned and disinfected. Those engaged in catering services, garbage disposal, or the general population can take the cholera vaccine in time according to the recommendation of professional institutions.

Bacillary dysentery

  Do not eat unwashed fruits and vegetables. Peel the fruits and eat them, eat less cold dishes, and do not eat or eat cooked meat cold plate food; eating raw garlic helps prevent; food processing must be cooked thoroughly; before meals Wash your hands after going to the toilet and before processing food; prevent meals from being stung by flies; do not drink raw water, only boiled water and qualified bottled water. Do not urinate anywhere. If there is watery stools, loose stools, pus and bloody stools, abdominal pain, and tenesmus, seek medical attention immediately. Children with febrile seizures should seek medical attention to rule out toxic dysentery.

Typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever

  Do not eat unwashed lettuce and fruits; do not eat uncooked shellfish and other seafood. Do not drink raw water, only drink boiled water, qualified bottled water; wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food; do not urinate and defecate anywhere. At present, the condition of typhoid fever and paratyphoid fever is generally atypical. When fever persists for more than 3 days, headache, poor appetite, colds and other diseases, and a history of eating unclean food or raw cold food, you should seek medical treatment immediately. Engage in food and other services, garbage and feces disposal, or the general population should be vaccinated against typhoid fever according to the recommendation of professional institutions.

Hepatitis A

  Do not eat unwashed lettuce, do not eat uncooked shellfish and other marine (water) products. Do not drink raw water, only drink boiled water, qualified bottled water; wash your hands before and after meals and before processing food; do not urinate and defecate anywhere. Do not share tableware and utensils such as drinking cups; yellow skin, eyes and sclera, nausea, greasiness, poor appetite and other gastrointestinal symptoms should be treated immediately. Engage in catering services, garbage disposal, or general population vaccinated against hepatitis A vaccine recommended by professional institutions.

Hand, foot and mouth disease

  Wash your hands frequently with water and soap, especially before touching your mouth and nose, before eating or handling food, after going to the toilet, when your hands are contaminated by blisters, respiratory secretions, after changing baby diapers, and after handling contaminated items thoroughly handwashing. Frequently clean and disinfect daily contact tableware, utensils, objects or surfaces (such as furniture, toys and shared objects), as well as secretions, vomit and feces and other contaminated objects and utensils. Try not to share towels or other personal items. Adults should change clean clothes and wash their hands before contacting infants and young children when going home. Do not feed infants chewed by adults; avoid close contact with patients, such as playing and kissing. Try to avoid crowded public places to reduce the chance of infection. Good ventilation in the home or kindergarten. According to the recommendation of professional institutions, children under 3 years of age can be vaccinated with enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine to reduce the incidence of EV71 infection and the serious illness and death caused by it.

●Natural focal diseases

  Natural foci disease refers to diseases that exist for a long time under natural conditions, are prevalent among wild animals, and can infect humans under certain conditions. Due to changes in the natural environment during the flood disaster, including changes in temperature, humidity, water level, and the habitat of vector organisms, the growth, reproduction and living habits of pathogens, sources of infection, vectors, and hosts have been affected; on the other hand, the living conditions of the people in the disaster areas are poor and nutritious. Unhealthy, mental and psychological depression, the decline of the body’s resistance to diseases, and the damage to the health and disease prevention measures in the disaster area, all easily lead to the epidemic and outbreak of natural epidemic-borne diseases. The natural focal infectious diseases that need to be mainly prevented after the flood are hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (epidemic hemorrhagic fever), leptospirosis, Japanese encephalitis, malaria, schistosomiasis, plague, anthrax, brucella Sickness etc.

Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

  Hygiene and self-protection work should be done, such as ensuring that there are no rats in the home and workplace; keeping food and food properly to prevent contamination by rats; when cleaning places contaminated by rat urine and feces, you should take proper protection and wear rubber or plastic gloves. Wear a mask; take measures to prevent rodents and rodents from entering the room; do not take rodent-killing measures such as manipulating the rat nest.

Leptospirosis

  July to September is the season of high incidence of leptospirosis. The affected area is the area with high incidence of leptospirosis. During the flood season, the people will have an increased chance of contacting the infected water and the risk of disease. The number of cases may increase during the flood season. People in the disaster-stricken areas should avoid contact with infected water, keep pigs and other livestock in captivity, actively cooperate with the government in carrying out patriotic sanitation activities such as rodent eradication, and seek medical treatment promptly when symptoms occur. People participating in flood fighting and peasants participating in rice harvesting can be vaccinated when necessary, or take preventive medication.

Anthrax

  July to September is the season of high incidence of anthrax. Floods are a risk factor for animal anthrax outbreaks. The affected areas are at risk of anthrax outbreaks in some areas. Therefore, the most important measure for people in the disaster area to prevent anthrax is to avoid contact with sick and dead animals. When animals such as cattle and sheep die suddenly, they must achieve the "three nos", that is, no slaughter, no eating, no trading, and report to the local agricultural and animal husbandry immediately. Department, handled by the department. Once you find that you or someone around you have symptoms of anthrax, you should immediately report to the local health center or disease prevention and control agency, and seek immediate medical attention. Pay attention to the purchase of beef and mutton products from formal channels, and do not buy and consume dead animals or meat from unknown sources.

Brucellosis

  Wear gloves, masks and waterproof aprons when contacting sick sheep, cattle and other livestock. Don’t drink raw milk or eat uncooked meat. Acute brucellosis cases are mainly manifested by fever, fatigue, hyperhidrosis, muscle, joint pain, and swelling of liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. If you have suspected brucellosis symptoms, you should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Delay in treatment can lead to chronicity and greater harm to the body. .

Schistosomiasis

  China's schistosomiasis is mainly prevalent in Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Yunnan and other provinces. Flood relief personnel from other places should be especially vigilant about whether schistosomiasis is prevalent in the local area, and consult local residents or disease prevention and control agencies to learn about local schistosomiasis The epidemic situation and whether there is water from surrounding schistosomiasis endemic areas during the floods in the local water system.

  In schistosomiasis endemic areas, or areas that may be affected by water from schistosomiasis endemic areas, it is forbidden to drink raw water directly, and only drink boiled water or bottled water that meets sanitary standards. Domestic water such as hand washing and laundry should be disinfected. Add 0.5 g of bleach or 1 g of bleach powder for every 50 kg of drinking water.

  It is forbidden to swim, play in the water, wash hands, and do laundry in natural water bodies in endemic areas, and avoid contact with infected water or water bodies with oncomelania distribution. When you have to come into contact with the epidemic water, you should apply protective ointment to the parts of your body that may be in contact with the epidemic water. If you continue to contact the epidemic water for longer than the effective time of the medicine in the ointment, you should reapply the medicine; under the premise of preventing high temperature and heatstroke, wear impermeable Protective equipment such as long rubber boots, trousers and gloves.

  If adequate protective measures are not taken when contacting infected water, especially rescuers from other places, they should take the initiative to go to the schistosomiasis control department for schistosomiasis inspection, and if the infection is found, they should be treated early. If symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, fatigue, etc. occur after contact with infected water, seek medical help as soon as possible, and actively inform the doctor that they have been in contact with infected water in schistosomiasis endemic areas recently, and diagnose and treat as soon as possible.

  Niclosamide can be used to treat small waters and grassland near the temporary residence where snails are distributed to kill cercariae and snails. During the flood, cattle, sheep and other domestic animals should be kept in captivity as much as possible, and grazing in areas with snails is prohibited. Human and livestock manure is collected as soon as possible, and harmless treatment is carried out uniformly to prevent manure from flowing into the water.

malaria

  Strengthen epidemic monitoring, establish epidemic monitoring points, timely and accurately grasp the epidemic situation, analyze trends, and make predictions to provide a scientific basis for formulating prevention and control countermeasures.

  Strengthen blood tests for fever patients, find the source of infection in time, treat patients with current illnesses in a standardized way, and carry out timely treatment of epidemic spots to prevent the accumulation and spread of infection sources.

  Carry out vector control measures, and spray pyrethroids in residential areas and residential areas where there is a high incidence of malaria and high mosquito vector density.

  Soak mosquito nets or long-lasting mosquito nets with mosquito coils and insecticides. Where conditions permit, install screen doors, screen windows and other household anti-mosquito measures in the residence. It is recommended to wear long-sleeved trousers, spray tinctures, creams, liquids and other repellents on exposed skin parts, and change personal protection measures such as sleeping habits to reduce mosquito bites.

  Carry out a patriotic sanitation campaign to remove weeds and sludge, fill up potholes, improve environmental sanitation, and reduce and eliminate mosquito breeding places.

  Carry out health education activities on malaria prevention knowledge to improve the self-protection awareness and protection capabilities of the people in disaster areas.

(Source: China CDC)