"The people of the city came out of many crowds and body did not like it seen, and when he saw them, the people of Syria Habohem and they hated their fight, ordered a Muslim his bed, he put between the rows, and then ordered the caller: Fight me or called, Tugging people in their fight, Vsmawa zoom behind them in the middle of the city, and inset them The children of the people of the Levant, they seriously defeated people. "
(The historian Khalifa bin Khayyat, in his history, recounted a scene from the day of Al-Hurra)
In the year 60 of the migration, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan - may God be pleased with him - died to succeed him in the rule of the Umayyad state and his son Yazid bin Muawiyah, who will be in power for nearly four years in which the Umayyad state witnessed major events in Iraq and the Hejaz, which had caused many temptations. And a revolution in political and intellectual opinions that led to a massive division in the consciousness and body of the nation from that date and before and to this day.
Hussein bin Ali - may God be pleased with them - was not satisfied with the hereditary legitimacy of the king, and it was his opinion that the ummah should choose its political leaders from the caliphs free choice based on allegiance and consultation and express opinions and flip them between people, while Muawiyah’s opinion was that the real political weight has become an illiterate people, And all the Levant became voluntary in their order, and they did not accept an alternative for them, as Ibn Khaldun mentioned in his introduction, and for fear that the nation would enter a new phase of conflict and civil warfare, as happened in the times of Uthman and Ali - may God be pleased with them - he thought that the matter be in his house; To reunite, and to seek political calm, and block the door to discord.
Because of the old enmity between the tribes of Iraq who supported Alia and Hassan, especially in the strongholds of Kufa and Basra, the Kufic were sent to Al-Hussein in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah to meet them in Iraq to lead them to war over Yazid and his associates, and for things to return to their normal levels, despite the warnings of Abdullah bin Abbas and Abdullah bin Omar and Muhammad bin Ali bin Abi Talib of Hussein, rejected their views, and the people of Iraq abandoned it, and - may God be pleased with him - was martyred in Karbala near Kufa in Muharram in the year 61 AH.
The developments of the following months were the departure of Abdullah bin Al-Zubair bin Al-Awam in 63 AH in Mecca, then the movement of the penitents who wanted to atone for their sin by abandoning Hussein - may God be pleased with him - in the year 65 AH, and the announcement of the people of Medina to disobey and leave the Umayyad state for what Yazid bin Muawiya did and rose up With disgraceful acts that came to them in the year 63 AH; All led to the civil war between Muslims in the provinces of Iraq and the Hijaz specifically.
However, the free fall in the city of the Prophet in the year 63 AH had its important details and reasons that vary - for extreme strangeness - between a number of historians and researchers, which ultimately led to the relief of the city of the Messenger of God with the blood of the companions and their children, and it was a catastrophe from among the disasters of that early stage in the history of Islam. What is the free situation? What are the most important causes and then the most prominent results? This is what we will see in our next lines.
The Karbala incident and the martyrdom of Imam Al-Hussein - may God be pleased with him - in Muharram in the year 61 AH was a great calamity in the reality of the Islamic world, an incident whose ugliness revealed to the grandson of God’s Messenger and his family by Yazid bin Muawiya’s rulers in Iraq and his armies that what matters to these are the reins of power and authority, not responsible. In the place of Al-Hussein, “then they killed him wronged by him and his sect from the people of his house, may God be pleased with them, and killing him was one of the great calamities. If killing Hussein and killing Othman before him were one of the greatest causes of sedition in this nation,” as Ibn Taymiyyah reveals in “Majmoo Al-Fatwa” [1].
It is historically proven that Yazid bin Muawiya, the Umayyad caliph at the time, did not order the killing of Hussein, but rather ordered his forces and his guardians to prevent him from reaching his supporters in Iraq so that he would not go out with enough armed force to overthrow the Umayyad state, which was already achieved when the governor of Iraq deterred Ubayd Allah bin Ziyad, the people of Kufa and Basra, He crushed their rebellion, but he increased the orders of Yazid and tried to compel Hussein - may God be pleased with him - to surrender and take him captive, which was rejected by the grandson of the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - to enter his forces and his household who did not exceed seventy in an asymmetric war and eventually fall. A martyr - may God be pleased with him - [2].
At a time when immediate and daily communication between Muslims in Iraq and the Hijaz and the Umayyad state center in Damascus, Damascus was impossible, news, tales and rumors were woven, and the incident itself was a reason to provoke people, especially in Medina, from which Hussein and then Makkah al-Mukarramah emerged. And on top of them is Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr, who rose up in the people, saying: “After Al-Hussein, we reassure these people and believe their words and accept a covenant for them! No, and we don’t see them for that.” [3].
And when the matter was confirmed to Abdullah bin Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awam - may God be pleased with him - (d. 73 AH) in Makkah, "The writer of the people of the city wrote, and the people said: As for Hussein perished, no one is fighting Ibn Al-Zubayr" [4]. The disturbances began in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, and the people refused the rule of the Umayyads, so Yazid decided to face the situation with calm and patient, so he removed the governor of Medina Al-Walid bin Ataba, who was characterized by cruelty and rags, and he was replaced by Othman bin Mohammed bin Abi Sufyan, who is a flexible figure, and the new governor began his era with charity and closeness to the people of the city Then he supervised the dispatch of a delegation of their elders to the Levant to meet the Umayyad Caliph, so he received them well, so he honored them and benefited them, and honored their awards [5].
The Madinah delegation came back, and despite the great gifts that he bestowed over them, they decided to go out and disobey and turn the people of Medina. When they came back, people asked them about Yazid, and some of them said: “If God increases, He has rewarded me (gave me) a hundred thousand dirhams, and it does not prevent me from what he did to tell you He told him, and I believe you about him, by God he is to drink alcohol, and he is drunk to call prayer ... And if Yazid bin Muawiya reached his words in it, he said: Oh God, I raised him and honored him, so he did what I had seen, so remember him with lies and estrangement ”[6].
The governor of the city, Othman bin Muhammad, feared for himself after the protests spread, besieging the homes of the elders of the Umayyads such as the house of Marwan bin Al Hakam, and the people of the city appointed them Abdullah bin Hanzala Al Ansari, and the city became like Mecca outside the control of the Umayyads, and for the second time Yazid tried to appeal to the people of the city With softness and diplomacy, Al-Numan bin Bashir Al-Ansari sent to them to invite them to obedience and the necessity of the congregation, and he said to him: “People and your people came to them. Sedition perishes "[7], but he failed in his mission and returned to Damascus.
At that time, Yazid decided to send an army led by Muslim bin Aqabah, who reached the city with four thousand fighters on the twenty-seventh of the month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 63 AH / August 683 AD, and struck a siege on the side of Al-Hurra, which is the volcanic land located east of the city of Medina, despite the Resisting the people of the fierce city, the Umayyad armies managed to enter and committed a massacre against large numbers of the people of the city, and the rest were forced to surrender and pledge allegiance, and those who refused to pledge allegiance were killed at the moment [8].
The historian Khalifa bin Khayyat (d. 240 AH) mentioned in his history the names of hundreds of those who were killed in this situation from the supporters and their sons and stomachs, and from the immigrants and the Quraishites and their children and their stomachs and their allies, and tracking these names reveals the size of the cruelty and excessive force used by Muslim bin Aqil al-Murri and the armies of the shamans, even He killed some people who pledged allegiance to Yazid bin Muawiyah when they were captured, because the formulation of their pledge of allegiance was not liked, and on top of them was Abdullah bin Zumaa, a friend of Yazid himself [9]!
That is the most famous and prevailing narration in most ancient and modern historical sources, but there are other accounts rarely noticed by historians indicating that the reason for the departure of the people of Medina over Yazid was due to the purchase of the Umayyads since Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan and then increases to vast areas of fertile land around the city, which They were reaping huge profits from it, and the time difference between the killing of Imam Al-Hussein in Muharram in the year 61 AH and the disobedience of the people of the city at the beginning of the year 63 AH, means two years, confirms this matter, so why did the civilians not come out of the Umayyad state immediately upon hearing the news of the killing of Imam Hussein - may God be pleased with him - ?
However, Muawiyah and Yazid and others from the Umayyads did not forcibly seize these lands around the city, and it was one of the most fertile agricultural lands in quality and production, some of them were a legacy of Muawiyah from his father Abi Sufyan bin Harb and he was one of the most Quraish money before and after Islam, and some of them bought him from their free money at prices High among people from the people of the city or from some of the tribes that lived on the outskirts, but some of them bought it from the Talbis from Bani Hashim. Abdullah bin Jaafar bin Abi Talib sold the land which was given to him by his cousin Hussein bin Ali bin Abi Talib - may God be pleased with him - To Muawiyah, at an exorbitant amount, estimated by the sources as two million dirhams [10].
Because Muawiyah and Yazid had assumed the caliphate and attained power, the “lands of al-Sawafi” became at their disposal and the disposal of their governors, which is the land from which its people abandoned or were killed and they had no heir, such as the lands of the Jews or the lands of the people of the city who left and migrated to other countries and territories after the conquest The Islamic State expands and permits jurisprudence "for the just imam to authorize it, and to give to those who had singing in Islam, and that places his position, and does not like him" [11] as mentioned by the jurist Abu Yusuf, the student of Imam Abu Hanifa al-Numan.
Rather, the Umayyads and their guardians supervised the lands of “fever”, which are the areas that were protected from those who looked after them, which are grassy lands that had no owner, and were designated for camels' charity camels and horses and their passengers, and the first to allocate it to the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the extended caliphs extended from After him in its area around the city, then Muawiya and his governors added after him to this fever vast lands, and they made on these lands an armed group headed by a "fever factor" [12].
Rather, Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan (d. 60 AH), in his succession, decided to rearrange the affairs of giving, that is, the annual salaries of the people of the city and others on grounds other than the old foundations and standards, so he ordered that they be given "to the present without the absent, and to the living without the dead, and no one is given except In his hand ”[13], and this policy did not appeal to the people of Medina and others, so he returned Muawiyah to his old ball.
Thus, we see inflation in the private wealth of the Umayyads, or which the authority and state empowered them until they have provoked a curse for many of the people of the city who saw the wealth of their town going to others, whether to the money house or to the Umayyad treasures, and Dr. Omar Al-Aqili sees in his study the "free fall" that he “People may have experienced difficult periods, such as exposure of crops to pests… or lower prices in close stages, which led to less production, and thus farmers were unable to pay what was owed to them, so they moved against the governor or his agent.” [14].
There is even historical news that indicates the fighting of some of the people of the city to exploit the benefits of the land of "fever", which is a public property of camels for charity and government cattle and others, for their own purposes, and perhaps because of the high prices of wheat compared to its prices in other regions, the people of Medina killed the lands that the caliph had Or the governor, or even on the land of Al-Sawafi, Al-Aqili asserts that the revolt of the people of the city was primarily economic, because of what they felt was an injustice imposed on them, and its evidence for that is what was previously mentioned. It is the main cause of the free fall [15].
With the validity of this opinion, tracing the sources of the early history of this stage at Al-Tabari, Khalifa bin Khayyat Al-Baladhari and others confirms that all these reasons were the main motivation, including the political and he is the most prominent and clearer, and the city’s people were curious about the Umayyad sons after the killing of Imam Hussein, and the betrayal of the people of Iraq And their lack of security with this criminal policy, and that their discontent was prior to their armed movement for months, and this is confirmed by Al-Tabari in his history in the years 61 and 62 AH, as well as the economic reasons presented by Dr. Al-Aqili, a remarkable opinion that was absent from most historians and researchers, and so on. The city of the Prophet was watered with the blood of many companions and the sons of the companions, in a tragic moment from the moments of early Muslim history!
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